1 . Introduction to firearms in Wildlife Tourism

1. 1. Introduction to firearms in Wildlife Tourism 1.1 Definitions: Ballistics: Refers to study of what happens to projectiles including their trajectory, force, impact and penetration. Ballistics is simply the science of projectile. It is divided into: Internal ballistics (what happens to a bullet inside the barrel before it leaves the muzzle.

2. Types of ballistics…. • External" (what happens after the bullet emerges from the muzzle)

3. 1.2 Historical (background) developments of shoulder arms and ammunition; • Why called shoulder arms? Because they are held by the shoulder, further developments lead to hand guns. Before development of firearm, gun charge/powder had to be discovered. Powder charge is a component in a cartridge that create as as it burns and propels the missile. It is thought that gunpowder (charge) was probably discovered in China and other eastern countries but they were not very explosive

4. 1.2.1 Basic components of shoulder arms Barrel: Is a mental part, which confines the powder charge and directs the bullet or shot. Stork: Is the wooden part held by the shoulder. Charge:Is a quantity of explosive to be set off. It consists of • Missile: - Is either a single projectiles (bullet) or many small projectiles (shots) • Powder charge - Creates gas as it burns and propels the missile.

5. Basic components of shoulder arms…. • Primer: - Ignites the powder charge (it is a white patch at the center or shining element at the base of cartridge. In the early muzzle loader the charges were carried separately the bullets (shots) in a poach, powder in a horn and the percussion caps in the small box. The muzzleloaders were operated/loaded by pouring the powder and shot into the barrel via the muzzle. A wad was used to separate the two and pushed home with a lengthy ramrod. The ignition was provided by either flintlock or percussion ignition. Also were single shots. This was early 14th century.

6. Basic components of shoulder arms…. • At the End of 14th century, charges were put in one container known as a cartridge and the gunpowder was basically the mixture of: • Salt Peter: supplied oxygen for combustion • Charcoal: provided fuel in the form of carbon Sulphur: reduced the temperature of ignition while increasing the heat of explosion.

7. Basic components of shoulder arms…. • The mixture was unstable, in that when stored or transported the three elements tended to separate

8. 1.2.5 Characteristics of early firearms including muzzle loader It could not vary the rate of burning because the gun powder was made of the same ingredients regardless of the size of an animal i.e. small or large. Later on they came out with the idea to vary the grain size to:- • Smallest size of firearms (FFFg): Pistol • Middle size of firearm (FFg): Shotgun and small bore rifle • Big sized rated (Fg): big bore rifles.

9. Characteristics of early firearms including muzzle loader • They produced a very big smoke (i.e. Hind targets in battle became difficult to distinguish between a friends from a foe. • This residue built up within the bore, created a problem in the bore of Firearms and the rate of efficient became slower and slower. • (3) It took a lot of black powder to give off enough power and after every shot they cleaned the firearms to avoid added recoil. Consequently the old cartridge used in buffalos and other large animals were almost as large as flashlight.

10. Characteristics of early firearms including muzzle loader………. • It took a lot of black powder to give off enough power and after every shot they had cleaned the firearms to avoid add recoil. • Consequently the old cartridge used in buffalos and other large game animals were almost as large as flashlight.

11. Characteristics of modern firearms • Simple to complex made of various materials (steel alloys, fiber wood etc) therefore strength and simplicity of manufacturing. • Uses smokeless powder (Nitroglycerin) a mixture of Sulfuric acid, Nitric acid and glycerin, which produced less smoke. • Component of the gun are assembled together i.e. action, barrel and cartridge carried in one unit. • The action ranges from simple or complex as it is an assemblages with:- • Locks a cartridge in place • Deliver the blow which detonates the primer and • Snatches the case and throw it away

12. Characteristics of modern firearms…….. • The ignite (flint) is fast. • Has increased safety measure reducing accidents to knowledgeable users. • Have better: barrels, sighting equipment and ammunition: Therefore improve charge and reliable. • The quality of modern guns is based on its action or lock. • The action is the gun's chief identification feature. • Modern rifle can be re- barreled, restocked without charging its identification. • Has increased speed of operation and accuracy. • The action is single or multi -shot and self-loading.

13. Uses of Firearms in Wildlife Tourism Protection of the touristsand other people Against dangerous animals, poachers, robberies, thieves in Protected Areas. Wildlife utilization • Hunting for different purposes not forgetting Trophy, Sport hunting and sport (Olympic) • Wild animals capture operations with capture gun. etc.

14. 2: Description and major components of firearms and ammunition • Firearms can be divided into four categories: • shotgun or Smooth bored • Rifles • Handgun (Pistol) • Military weapon

15. 2: Description and major components of firearms and ammunition ……………………… 2.2.1. Rifles • Rifles are firearms with the bore cut longitudinally or spiral with a number of grooves. • The grooves are parallel to one another or they are cut to spiral shaped, from breech to muzzle

16. Description and major components of firearms and ammunition ……………………… a = Grooves b= caliber c = Land

17. Description and major components of firearms and ammunition ……………………… The purpose of rifling is to give the bullets spiral/spinning motion during its passage along the bore. On leaving the muzzle of the weapon, the bullet continues to spin, and this spin action:- • maintains the bullet path on flight during its passage through the air. • It reduces an air resistance that tends to add enormously degree of accuracy obtainable even at long distance or range

18. Parts of the gun and function of each part • Barrel: Is a metal tube made up of Iron or steel through which the bullets in a firearm pass. i.e. confines the powder charge and directs the bullet or the shot to the target. The inside of the barrel consist of three parts:- • The chamber that is the portion at the breech end that accommodates the cartridge and which is made to a shape that fits the particular type of cartridge used in the individual firearm. • Lead or chamber cone: The portion inside the barrel, which leads from the chamber to the bore.

19. Parts of the gun and function of each part……….. • Because the diameter of the chamber is larger than the bore it is connected to the bore by a taper known as a leed or a chamber cone • The bore: The part inside the barrel which lies between the front end of the leed and the muzzle: • The bore diameter is a measure for firearm caliber

20. Parts of the gun and function of each part Front and rear sight: Device design to help the shooter aim at the object accurately. Sling: Is a leather strip used for carrying and to increase grips the time of aiming. sling swivel: Is a metal loop, which may or may not be detachable, which the string is attached to the rifle. Bolt: Is a steel rod like assembling which moves forward and backgrounds in a bolt action, steering the cartridge into the chamber during firing Trigger guard: Is a metal loop around the trigger designed to protect it or to prevent accidental firing. Trigger: Is a part of the rifle mechanisms by which the firing pin is released to ignite or to kindle the cartridge.

21. 2.2.3 Parts of the gun and function of each part • Safety catch: A device that block the firing mechanisms of a firearm so that it can’t go off accidentally. • Stock: Is the part of shoulder arm by which the weapon is held per firing and in which the metal part are fitted. • The stock is usually made of wood but sometimes made of plastic metal or other rigid material. • Pistol grip: The small portion at the stock crippled by the trigger hand

22. Parts of the gun and function of each part Butt: Is the rear end of the rifle or shotgun stock, the portion that rest against the shoulder. Heel: Is the rear end of the upper edge of the gunstock. Toe: Is the rear end of the lower edge of the gunstock. Fore arm tip: The forward of the Firearm stock its located under the barrel and service as a hand holder for left hand/right hand.

23. Types and caliber of ammunitions • Rifles cartridge • The word cartridge comes from the French word cartouche. • The present day cartridge consists of (i) Brass or copper cases (ii) The powder charge (iii) primer (v) Bullet

24. Parts of the gun and function of each part……

25. 2.3 Types and caliber ofammunitions • 2.3.1. Rifles cartridge The word cartridge comes from the French word cartouche: - The present day cartridge consists of (i) Brass or copper cases (ii) The powder charge (iii) primer (v) Bullet

26. 2.3 Types and caliber of ammunitions • 2.3.1. Rifles cartridge

27. Components of a center fire cartridge case with cut away detail

28. Designations of rifle cartridges: • Cartridges are classified into three categories according to trade:- • Rim fires: Include all cartridges in which the primer is sealed in the rim, not in the center of the base.. • Centre fire : Takes in all cartridge, rifles and handgun alike that have primers in the center of the base and have brass cases. • Shot shell: Include all cartridges that contain shot or small pellets instead of a single bullet

29. Classified according to the way in which they are used • Cartridge like .22 Hornets, 222 Remington, .22O Swift are used on small animals e.g. impala and are called vermin cartridges. • Medium size game cartridge/deer cartridges: The .30/30, the .32 special and the .35 Remington. • Thus .30-30 means a cartridge case for a rifle .30 Calibers, which was designed to take 30 grains of black powder. • Big game cartridge: - designed primary for big game animal like buffalos etc e.g. .375, .404, .458, 500 and .600

30. Classified according to the way in which they are used ………………………………… According the number:- • Diameter size: - Sometimes in hundreds or thousands of an inch. Eg.27O Winchester .30 Remington. 219 Zippers. • The bore diameter of the barrel in which it is chambered i.e. 45/7O/5OO: Bore diameter of 45 one hundredths of an inch, carried 7O grains of powder and bullet weighing 5OO grams of the bullet powder

31. Classified according to the way in which they are used………………………… • According the mode of diameter groove: The caliber 30-06 Winchester and 300 magnum and 308 are all actually .308 inch barrel diameter, measured in the grooves of the barrel or cross the bullet. .303 British measure .311 inches in grooves but .303 inches between the lands (ridges) of the barrel. • NB: In some cases the 1st figure does not correspond either the bore or grove diameter - exception 28O Remington

32. Classified according to the way in which they are used………………………… • According to bore diameter and the length of the case: Most European countries use metric dimension to describe firearms caliber in millimeters. For instance the 7 x 57 refer to 7mm diameter bullet and a case of 57 mm length. Other examples are 8 x 57, 7 x 64 and 9.3 x 62. • Note: New cartridges are distinguished by including both the caliber of the rifle the muzzle velocity developed i.e. 250/3000.

33. Classified according to the way in which they are used………………………… • According to bore diameter and the length of the case: Most European countries use metric dimension to describe firearms caliber in millimeters. For instance the 7 x 57 refer to 7mm diameter bullet and a case of 57 mm length. Other examples are 8 x 57, 7 x 64 and 9.3 x 62.

34. Bullets. • Solid (jacketed), hard or nose exposed - Used for target and are designed to penetrate the thickest skin and muscles, break bones and destroy vital internal organs without changing their ballistic shape. • Soft nose bullet (expanding bullets) the amount of lead core is exposed at the nose is designed to expand, destroy vital internal organs by mushrooming them. Their ballistic shapes changes.

35. Bullets………………………………………….

36. Bullets………………………………………..

37. Bullets……………………………..

38. Bullets…………………. • Hollow nosed bullet (Silvered tip bullet) Designed to produce both penetration and expansion. • Wad cutter bullet: Feature a cylindrical design and a flattened front end at right angles, to their axis. These bullets are intended to cut paper targets clearly and easily for accuracy in scoring i.e. shotgun shell • Amour piercing bullets: Designed to penetrate amour plate constructed with tungsten or steel core.

39. Bullets…………………………….. • The primer: Is the spark plug for the cartridge ora small cap fitted in the pocket in the head of the centre fire cartridge case or enclosed in the folded rim of a rim fire case. • The primer contain a sensitive explosive compound which when struck by the firing spin ignites the powder charge.

40. Bullets……………………………………….. • 2.3.4.1Types of primers: • Rim fire primer: The rim fire cartridges the primer is distributed around the folded rim at the case, and that is crushed and set off by the blow of the firing pin. • Center fire primers ("caps") are not made as an integral part of the cartridge in that they can be put in primed or removed (de-caped).

41. Bullets……………………………………….. • 2.3.4.2. There are two basic types of center fire primers • The boxer primer: It is composed of three parts:- cup, priming mixture and anvil. • When the primer is hit by the firing pin, the cup is dented, smashing the priming mixture against the anvil and causing an explosion. • The resultant flame shoots through the flash hole in the case and ignites the powder charge.

42. Bullets………………………………………..

43. Bullets……………………………………….. • The European (berdan) type primer): They contain no anvil, only the cup and priming mixture. • The anvil is an integral part of the brass cartridge case. • Have two flash holes, which offer no advantage or disadvantage over single hole.

44. Bullets………………………………………..

45. Bullets……………………………………….. • 2.3.4.3 Qualities of the ideal primer • Should perform well even after having been stored for a long time even under extremes of atmospheric temperature. • Should not contain non-combustible erosive materials such as grass and when ignited it should not produce excessive gas (should ignite the powder and let the powder propel the bullet). • It should not cause rust in the barrel or deterioration of the case.

46. Bullets……………………………………….. • The shot gun • A short gun is a firearm, which has a barrel with no rifling. • Its cartridges are made up of several bullets. A shot gun is used mostly to fire pellets at flying targets and fast movement of the targets make it impossible to align a front and the rear sight precisely.

47. Firearms 2.4.1 Types of shotgun: • The single -barrel shotgun (Hinge action). The single barrel is simple, strong, comparatively inexpensive gun. It is capable of firing only one shot. • The advantages of this weapon are its lightweight, simple mechanisms and relatively trouble- free operation. • The double or Side by side (Hinge action): Restricted to two shots. It allows the hunter an instant choice of two different chokes. Offers ease of handling and excellent pointing qualities. • The over- under (superimposed) (Hinge action)- one barrel is positioned above the other. It is restricted to two shots. More expensive than side-by-side.

48. Types of shotgun……. The pump (slide action) Repeating shotguns operated by working a slide. The pump has the distinct advantages of offering the shooter between two to six shots. The pump gun can be fired almost as rapidly as semi- automatic. The " Automatic" (self- loader). It offers several advantages, it holds from two to six rounds. It can be fired rapidly without the development of dexterity (skill in handling) on the part of the shooter.

49. Types of shotgun……. • 4.2 Shotgun parts: • The three main parts of the shotgun are the stock, the action, and the barrel. • The stock: The wooden part or plastic on which the metal parts are fitted. • The shotgun Action: Are of three types. • The self- loader: These are all gas- operated guns. The great majority of the gun mechanisms executed a backward and forward motion, which extracts and ejects the fired shot shell and feeds another round into the chamber.

50. Types of shotgun……. Hinge action: The side- by-side double barrel. This action is generally unlocked, or unbolted, by working the top- lever and the barrels must be swung open for loading, unloading and removal of fired shells. Slide action: The operating cycle consists of moving the slide rearward to open the action, cock the hammer and returning the slide forward to chamber a loaded shell and close the action