Post-Classical European Philosophy: Nietzsche's Irrationalism

1. Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer: PhD, docent Elena Shevchenko Post-classical European philosophy. Irrationalism. For all specialities

2. Lection’s plan Post-classical European philosophy. • Period of non-classical philosophy • 1. The variety of schools and concepts. • 2. Irrational concept. Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche • View at the history • Basic philosophical views and works. • Ethics. • Aesthetics. • Evaluation of Nietzsche. 2

3. Requirements for knowledge and skills • Knowledge • Development of philosophical thought in the XIX-XX centuries. • European philosophy and its main focus. • The main issues of Nietzsche’s philosophy. • Rating creativity Nietzsche. Skills • Distinguishing types of philosophical positions in classical and non-classical philosophy. • Be able to project a philosophical views on the area of the material and practical activities. • Be able to analyze your views in the context of common development ideas. 3

4. Material for knowledge recovery • To prepare for the topic: “Post classical European philosophy” you must repeat the basic issues of ontology, epistemology and social philosophy on topics: • The philosophy of the Middle Ages • Philosophy of Modern Times • Classical German Philosophy 4

5. Contents Post-classical European philosophy • Main concepts. • Academic material. • Questions for self-examination. • Recommended books. 5

6. Main concepts Post-classical European philosophy • Irrationalism • Neopositivism • Neothomism • Transcendental • Transcendentalapperception • Philosophy of life • The idea of superman. • Will to Truth 6

7. Academic material Period of post-classical philosophy • Variety of schools and concepts. • Irrationalism • Marxism • Philosophy of life • Positivism andnew positivism • Philosophy of pragmatism • Phenomenology • Hermeneutics • Existentialism • Structuralism • Psychoanalisis 7

8. Academic material Irrationalism and Nietzsche's view at the history • Irrationalism (latin“Irrationalist” meansunwise, unconscious: • Philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). His book: «The World as Will and Representation»: • Life is a struggle between compassion (love) and selfishness and malice. • The world is unreasonable. It is run by the evil will. • The world around us is subject to no reasonable forces: will, effects, etc. • Only the will is capable to identifying all things and to influence on it. It is the basic principle of universe. • Friedrich Nietzsche (1844—1900) and his view at the history: • Philosopher protests against the illusion of historicism and idolatry to the facts. • There are three histories: • Monumental history attempts to find the models in the past to their own satisfaction. • Antique history, for example, attempts to reconstruct the past of his native city as the basis of present time. • Critical history examines past in terms of judges, which are intended to remove obstacles to the realization of their goals. 8

9. Academic material Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche • Philosophical views • He opposes positivism and its belief in the fact. Nietzsche believed that fact in itself is stupid . History and interpretation give the meaningfulness to the facts. • He confronts Christian morality and creates the idea of the superman. Nietzsche’s philosophy appears as overturning the traditional philosophical and moral values. In the general context of Nietzsche’s thoughts “will to power” does not deny the humanity and it does not justify the “pure race of superman”. Superman is not a Nazi. He is philosopher, heralding the emergence of a new humanity that wants to be “beyond good and evil”. His books. «Human, all too human» (1878). In 1882 was published “Funny Science”. Philosopher says about the new destiny of humanity. 1883 – «Thus spoke Zarathustra» , «Beyond good and evil» (1886), «Genealogy of morals» (1887), «Twilight of the idols», «Antichrist»,«Ессе homo», «Nietzsche in opposition Wagner» (1888). In Turin, fascinated by Dostoevsky, he began his latest book “Will to power”, but he did not finish it. 9

10. Academic material Aesthetics in the philosophy of Nietzsche 10

11. Academic material Ethics in Nietzsche’s philosophy Рисунок In traditional morality he saw “moral weaklings and losers slaves who rebelled against everything noble and beautiful aristocratic” Slave morality Nietzsche opposes morality aristocrats. Say “yes” to yourself – there is a triumph of a noble morality.Slave used to saying “yes” to another, but not himself. He criticized humanism. And he offered a philosophical program “reappraisal of values”. Voluntarism Nietzsche is a hymn to will and power.Life lies at the heart of the will: the will to live, the will in human, ungovernable will (passion), the will to power. 11

12. Academic material Evaluation of Nietzsche. Рисунок There were many conflicting interpretations of Nietzsche: He is antipozitivist, undermining faith to science. He is anti-democratic, despising people. He is a supporter of irrationalism and vitalism. He is an artist. The image of a decadent aristocrat was replaced by the materialist mask. Later about Nietzsche critics began to talk as the existentialist, then as a forerunner of Freud and finally as the ideological leader of the artistic avant-garde. 12

13. Enquired knowledge • Knowledge of different philosophical schools and concepts of post-classical European Philosophy • Knowledge of basic problems of the Nietzsche’s philosophy • Knowledge of tendenciesof the philosophical thoughtinXIX-XX centuries • Knowledge of conceptual differences between philosophical thought of classical period and philosophical thought of non-classical period. 13

14. Questions for self-examination • Call the philosophical schools of post-classical European philosophy. • What is the difference between the non-classical philosophy and classical philosophy? • What is the difference between “Dionysian basis” and “Apollo basis” in culture according Nietzsche’s philosophy? • What was the attitude of Nietzsche to the fact in history? Why? • Tell us the problem of the “superman”. • Why Nietzsche’s philosophy can not be called immoral? 14

15. Recommended books • 1. Introduction to Philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – М., 2003. • 2. Philosophy: Textbook for higher education/edited by. V.N. Lavrinenko, V.P. Ratnikov. М.,2001 • Philosophical dictionary/edited byI.Т. Frolov. – М., 2001 • NietzscheF. Thus spoke Zarathustra. – М., 1990. • Twilight of the idols /Edited by А.А. Yakovleva. – М., 1989. 15

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