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Nutrition

Nutrition. Nutrients are the constituents of food necessary to sustain the normal functions of the body. All energy is provided by three classes of nutrients: fats, carbohydrates, protein, and in some diets, ethanol .

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Nutrition

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  1. Nutrition Nutrients are the constituents of food necessary to sustain the normal functions of the body. All energy is provided by three classes of nutrients: fats, carbohydrates, protein, and in some diets, ethanol . The intake of these energy-rich molecules is larger than that of the other dietary nutrients. Therefore, they are called the macronutrients. This lecture focus on the kinds and amounts of macronutrients that are needed to maintain optimal health and prevent chronic disease in adults. Those nutrients needed in lesser amounts, such as vitamins and minerals, are called the micronutrients are also mentioned.

  2. Learning Objectives • How Are the Metabolic Pathways Connected? • How Can Biochemistry Help Us Understand Nutrition? • What Are Hormones and Second Messengers? • How Are Hormones Involved in the Control of Metabolism? • What Are the Many Effects of Insulin?

  3. Fig. 24-1, p.663

  4. p.664

  5. Table 24-1, p.665

  6. Table 24-2, p.666

  7. In humans, the choice of diet becomes important in the interest of obtaining enough of essential nutrients while avoiding excesses of others, such as saturated fats, where excess is known to play a role in the development of health problems. In 1992, a food guide pyramid was published to explain nutrition basics to the public.

  8. Fig. 24-2, p.668

  9. The previous pyramid is currently being replaced by a newer version that recognizes the differences between various types of fats and carbohydrates instead of just sending the message that all fats are bad and all carbohydrates are good.

  10. Fig. 24-3, p.669

  11. Leptin Leptin is a hormone that affects metabolism. It affects the brain to suppress appetite and it affects metabolism directly by stimulating fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting fatty acid synthesis.

  12. Leptin is a protein that's made in the fat cells, circulates in the bloodstream, and goes to the brain. "Leptin is the way your fat cells tell your brain that your energy thermostat is set right," Leptin tells your brain that you have enough energy stored in your fat cells to engage in normal, relatively expensive metabolic processes,“ like exercise.

  13. Leptin activates AMP-dependent pro- tein kinase (AMPK), which regulates many aspects of fuel metabolism. Fig. 24-4, p.670

  14. Fig. 24-5, p.671

  15. Fig. 24-6, p.671

  16. Table 24-3, p.672

  17. Fig. 24-7, p.673

  18. Fig. 24-8, p.674

  19. Fig. 24-9a, p.675

  20. Fig. 24-9b, p.675

  21. Fig. 24-10, p.676

  22. p.676

  23. Fig. 24-11, p.677

  24. Fig. 24-12a, p.678

  25. Fig. 24-12b, p.678

  26. epidermal growth factor fibroblast growth factor Fig. 24-13, p.679

  27. p.681

  28. Fig. 24-14, p.682

  29. Fig. 24-15, p.683

  30. Fig. 24-16, p.684

  31. Fig. 24-17, p.685

  32. Table 24-4, p.685

  33. It has been shown that the GLUT4 transporter responds to physical activity. When a person is active, the transporter is active and responds well to insulin. After a few days of detraining, this transporter shows only half of the activity it did before. GLUT4 is one of the glucose transporters on muscle cells. It responds to insulin to move glucose out of the blood and into the cell. In type II diabetes, insulin is present, but does not have the same effect. It takes more insulin to accomplish the same movement out of the blood and into the cell. People with type II diabetes often show classical signs of obesity, and there is a correlation between diminishing GLUT4 activity, obesity, and diabetes.

  34. END L29

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