Progressive American Politics

1. Progressive American Politics AP U.S. History

2. Progressive Political ReformDirect Democracy Secret ballots (Australian ballot) All candidates printed on ballots Vote in privacy at assigned polling place Direct primaries Government of the People Initiatives Petition of enough voter signatures to force an election Referendums Legislative proposals determined by electorate Recalls Remove elected officials through local/state elections

3. Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Problems State legislature corruption Candidates bribed state legislators for votes Electoral deadlocks State legislators could not agree on a selection leaving vacant seats Direct Election of Senators

4. Progressive Political ReformLocal/Municipalities Assert more control and regulation of public utilities and services Built public parks and playgrounds, sanitation services, municipal services, public schools Zoning laws (industrial, commercial, residential) Local Governments Galveston Plan Commissioners and councils directly elected Dayton Plan City managers hired as non-partisan administrators Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities Inspired social and municipal reform

5. Progressive Political ReformStates “Wisconsin Idea” Robert LaFollette Influence and Application of Education on Politics Direct primaries Progressive taxes Workers’ compensation and minimum wages Insurance plans Business regulations Child labor laws Limit or eliminate monopolies and trusts Supported direct election of senators

6. Fourth Party System (1896-1932) Republicans Dominated the federal government during this era Coalition Industrialists, corporations, upper-class, fundamentalists, Northeast Nationalists and Imperialists Bull Moose Party aka Progressive Party New Nationalism Democrats Coalition Solid South, western farmers, urban immigrants, working class Laissez-faire policies New Freedom Socialist Party of America Coalition German and Jewish immigrants, unionists, former Populist farmers, Progressive social reformers Elections Two members of U.S. House Dozens of state legislators, mayors, council members Eugene V. Debs Ran in 1904. 1908, 1912, 1920 Received over 900,000 votes in 1912 and 1920

7. Election of 1896 William Jennings Bryan (D) Populist rhetoric William McKinley (R) Mark Hanna Outspent Bryan 5 to 1 Benefited from recovering economy Campaign Bryan’s stump speeches McKinley’s “front-porch”

8. William McKinley (R) (1897-1901) Economy Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899) Gold Standard Act (1900) Economic expansion Foreign Affairs Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Spanish-American War (1898) China Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Assassination September 6, 1901 in Buffalo, NY Leon Czolgosz

9. Election of 1900 William McKinley (R) William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt as VP William Jennings Bryan (D) Bimetallism Antiimperialism

10. Theodore Roosevelt (R) (1901-1909) Square Deal Trustbuster Business Regulation Conservation Coal Strike of 1902 Panic of 1907 Big Stick Policy Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary

11. Election of 1904 Theodore Roosevelt (R) Alton B. Parker (D) Eugene V. Debs Socialist Party of America

12. Roosevelt: Trustbuster Good Trusts & Bad Trusts Consumer Protection Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Prohibited impure and falsely labeled foods and drugs Meat Inspection Act (1906) Prohibited misleading labels Prohibited harmful chemicals

13. Roosevelt: Conservationist 230,000,000 acres under protection during Roosevelt’s administration U.S. Forest Service Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Federal promotion of irrigation in western states National Park Service (1916) Preservationists John Muir and Sierra Club

14. National Parks

15. Election of 1908 William Howard Taft (R) Hand-picked by Roosevelt William Jennings Bryan (D)

16. William Howard Taft (R) (1909-1913) Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States (1911) Supreme Court ruled trust in violation of Sherman Antitrust Act Broken up into 33 companies and trust dissolved Sixteenth Amendment (1913) Federal graduated income tax Dollar Diplomacy

17. Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson (D) New Freedom Anti-trust laws to promote fair competition and small businesses Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive) “Bull Moose Party” New Nationalism Executive regulations of industries Social justice William Howard Taft (R) Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans (Insurgents) Socialist Party of America Eugene V. Debs

18. The Federal Government Should Regulate Trusts: Roosevelt’s New Nationalism;The Federal Government Should Oppose Trusts: Wilson’s New Freedom Theodore Roosevelt – “Campaign Speech at Osawatomie, Kansas” (1910) Woodrow Wilson – “The New Freedom” (1913) I take my stand absolutely, where every progressive ought to take his stand, on the proposition that private monopoly is indefensible and intolerable. And there I will fight my battle. And I know how to fight it. Everybody who has even read the newspapers knows the means by which these men built up their power and created these monopolies. Any decently equipped lawyer can suggest to you statutes by which the whole business can be stopped. What these gentlemen do not want is this: they do not want to be compelled to meet all comers on equal terms. I am perfectly willing that they should beat any competitor by fair means; but I know the foul means they have adopted, and I know that they can be stopped by law… the program of the [Progressive] party legalizes mnopolies and systematically subordinates workingmen...looks strangely like economic mastery over the very lives and fortunes of those who do the daily work of the nation; and all this under the overwhelming power and sovreignty of the national government. What most of us are fighting for is to break up this very partnership between big business and the government... America stands for opportunity. America stands for a free field and no favor. • I stand for the square deal. But when I say that I am for the square deal, I mean not merely that I stand for fair play under the present rules of the game, but that I stand for having those rules change so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service…Now, this means that our government, National and State, must be freed from the sinister influence or control of special interests. Exactly as the special interests of cotton and slavery threatened our political integrity before the Civil War, so now the great special business interests too often control and corrupt men and methods of government for their own profit We must drive the special interests out of politics... Combinations in industry are the result of an imperative economic law which cannot be repealed by political legisation. The effort at prohibiting all combination has substantially failed. The way out lies, not in attempting to prevent such combinations, but in completely controlling them in the interest of the public welfare.

19. Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913-1921) Progressive Amendments Seventeenth Amendment – Direct election of Senators Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition Nineteenth Amendment – Women’s suffrage Progressive Legislation and Policies Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) Federal Reserve Act (1913) World War I Fourteen Points League of Nations

20. Progressive Business Regulation Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Prohibited monopolistic pricing policies and regulated mergers and acquisitions Held corporate officers personally responsible for anti-trust violations Unions not subject to anti-trust laws and court injunctions Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) Prevent unfair business practices Investigate complaints

21. Federal Reserve System and Central Banking Panic of 1907 Federal Reserve Act (1913) “The Fed” Price stability, maximum employment, long-term economic growth Federal Reserve Board President appointed with Senate consent FOMC Monetary Policy Open-Market Operations Reserve Requirement/Ratio Discount rates

22. Election of 1916 Woodrow Wilson (D) “He kept us out of war.” Charles Evan Hughes (R) U.S. Supreme Court justice