1 Department of Computer Science Swansea University, UK

1. 1Department of Computer Science Swansea University, UK 2College of Arts and Humanities Swansea University, UK If virtue no delighted beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more fair than black.W. Shakespeare (Othello, c.1607) - Othello (black) has secretly married Brabantio’s daughter. - Brabantio is unhappy. - Duke of Venice points out that Othello is a good man - Duke insults black people, but praises Othello. - It is not clear if this is said publically, privately, seriously or jokingly. Translations vary. {m.l.wilson, cszg, r.s.laramee, t.cheesman, a.j.rothwell, d.m.berry, a.ehrmann}@swansea.ac.uk Blue = German. Red/Green = back-translation to English. Green = terms unique to that version WennesderTugendnicht an lichterSchönheitfehlt, Istvielmehr blond alsschwarz, den euer Kind gewählt If virtue does not lack bright-lit beauty, He is far more blond than black, whom your child has chosen J.W.O.Benda(during period of nation building) - never performed or reprinted (less popular) - frames it as a crude joke 1826 Wenn man die Tugendmußalsschönerkennen, DürftIhrnichthäßlichEurenEidamnennen. If one must recognise virtue as beautiful, You may not call your son-in-law ugly. W.Baudissin(cultural nation-building) - most famous German version - authoritative German leadership tone (no joke) 1832 LeihtTugendihreFarbedemGesicht, IstEuerEidamweiß, einSchwarzernicht. If virtue lends its colour to the face, Your son-in-law is white, not a black man M.Wolff(during the Weimar Republic) - first to be explicitly racist - best selling translation at time Spricht man von Tugend, als von einemLicht, ScheintEuerEidammir so dunkelnicht. If one speaks of virtue as of a light, Your son-in-law seems not so dark to me E.Engel (Germany under Hitler) - use of ‘dark’ and centred on ‘me’: typical of fascism - renowned production in Berlin 1920 1939 WennniederTugendlichteSchönheitfehlt, IstEureTochter hell, nichtschwarz, vermählt. If virtue never lacks bright-lit beauty, Your daughter is brightly, not blackly, married. H.Schwarz (Germany under Hitler) - woman translator – focuses on relationship - Never performed or reprinted (less popular) Studying Variations in Culture and Literature: Visualizing Translation Variations in Shakespeare’s Othello WennMannesmutnichtReiz und Glanzentbehrt, So ister, wennauchschwarz, höchstschätzenswert. Ifmanlycourageis not withoutcharm and glory, Thenheis, evenifblack, highlyestimable. T.VonZeynek (Austria under Hitler) - Reflects fascist male-dominated racist, and offensive - Wasn’t performed until the 1960s (reflectively) 1941 1941 ZähltebeiMenschennurderinnre Schein, würdenwirdunklerals Othello sein. If people’s inward appearance were all that counted, We would be darker than Othello. H.Rothe (persecuted during WW2) (West Germany) - converted to a moralistic lesson (social war-guilt) - Successful print but rarely performed 1956 WennIhrderTugendnichtSchönheitabsprechenwollt, IstEuerSchwiegersohnnichtdunkel, sondern Gold! If you do not wish to deny beauty to virtue, Your son-in-law is not dark but gold! E.Fried (in London, self-exiled from post-war Germany) - Famous radical leftist poet – polysemic metaphor - Still reprinted and performed often 1970 Gäbshelle Haut fürEdelmutalsPreis, DannwärIhrSchwiegersohnstattschwarzreinweiß. If light skin were a prize for noble-mindedness, Then your son-in-law would be pure white instead ofblack F.Günther (Re-unified Germany – pro-equality translator) - extreme, thus sarcastic, use of racism - Very successful in print and on stage • SolangemännlicheTugendmehrzähltalsSchönheitsfehler, • kann man sagen, IhrSchwiegersohnisteheredelalsschwarz. • So long as male virtue counts more than blemishes, one can say your son-in-law is more noble than blackF.Zaimoglu & G.Senkel (re-unified Germany) • Turns racism into class - highlights rising neo-fascism • - Most successful version 2003-9 – toured internationally 1995 2003 Max L. Wilson1, Zhao Geng1, Robert S. Laramee1, Tom Cheesman2, Andy Rothwell2, David M. Berry2, Alison Ehrmann2 Using Web Science to learn more about literature and culture         <title>Othello</title>         <author>Swaczynna</author>         <publisher></publisher>         <date>1972</date>         <lang>de</lang> …..   <div type="act" n="1">     <div type="scene" n="3"> <sp who="Othello"><speaker><hi rend="i">Othello</hi></speaker> <l n="1" part="Y">IhrVaterliebtemich, ludmich oft ein,</l> <l n="2" part="Y">fragte stets nach der ChronikmeinesLeb… <l n="3" part="Y">von JahrzuJahr; nachSchlachten, St¸rm… <l n="4" part="Y">die ich erlebt -</l> <l n="5" part="Y">ich lief es durch, von Knabentagen an,</l> <l n="6" part="Y">bis zu dem Augenblick da er mich fragte.</l> <l n="7" part="Y">Sprach von bedrohlichen Ereignissen,</l> <l n="8" part="Y">von schrecklicher Gefahr zu See und Land;</l> <l n="9" part="Y">wie Mauerbruch ums Haar mich tˆtete;</l> <l n="10" part="Y">wie mich der Feind hˆhnischgefangennah... <l n="11" part="Y">als Sklaven mich verkaufte, wie ich die... <l n="12" part="Y">und wies so ging im Laufe meiner Reisen;</l> <l n="13" part="Y">wobei von weiten Hˆhlen, ˆden W¸sten,</l> <l n="14" part="Y">Felsklippen, Bergen, die den Himmel... <l n="15" part="Y">vielfach die Rede war, so ging ich vor -</l> <l n="16" part="Y">von Kannibalen, die einander fressen;</l> ... 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