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World History

World History. Mrs. Damonte Room 104 Module 1 Review Online content. Mrs. Damonte 2013-2014. 1.01 Set the Stage. Byzantine Empire: Roman Empire became too big Difficult to govern Conflicts between Roman leaders and Barbarian invaders weakened the Empire.

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World History

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  1. World History Mrs. Damonte Room 104 Module 1 Review Online content Mrs. Damonte 2013-2014

  2. 1.01Set the Stage Byzantine Empire: Roman Empire became too big • Difficult to govern • Conflicts between Roman leaders and Barbarian invaders weakened the Empire. • Diocltian divided the Empire in two: • Western Roman Empire: Rome its capital • Eastern Roman Empire: Constantinople its capital • One emperor per side: • Western: Diocletian • Eastern: Constantine I

  3. 1.01 How did the Byzantine Empire Developed? Byzantine Empire lasted 1000 years: • Many changes: bigger & smaller • Invasions, conflicts, and poor rulers weakened the empire. • At its height with Justinian I • Eastern Roman Empire lands + some Western • Important cities: • Capital, religious, and economic center Eastern Empire: Constantinople • Religious center in Africa: Alexandria in Egypt • Government seat for Far Eastern Empire: Antioch in Syria • Government center in Italy: Ravenna

  4. 1.02 Monotheistic Religions Where are they predominant? • Judaism: Israel and North America • Christianity: Europe; North, Central & South America • Islam: Northern Africa, Western Asia, some islands of the Pacific. Jerusalem: • Important to all three religions. • Wailing Wall, Rock of the Dome, Church of The Nativity & Holly Sepulcher. Birth of Monotheism: • Southeast Asia. • Founder: Abraham • Abrahamic religions • Basic belief: one god.

  5. 1.02 Monotheistic Religions All three religions share: • Believe in one god with different names • All three honor the ten commandments. • All practice fasting. • All three honor a day of the week: • Jews: Saturday-Sabbath • Christians: Sunday • Muslims: Friday • All three believe in afterlife. • All three believe humans have soul. • Only Christians: • Sacraments and resurrection of Jesus • Only Muslims: • Five Pillars: declaration of faith, prayer, • Almsgiving, fasting & pilgrimage to Meca • Judaism and Islam: • Food taboos: • Jews: Kosher • Muslims: halal Holy Books: • Judaism: • Torah: history and revelations before and after Moses. • Christianity: • Old Testament: basically the Torah • New Testament: life and teachings of Jesus as told by his disciples. • Islam: • Qur’an: words of god to Muhammad.

  6. 1.02 Monotheistic Religions Sacred sites and symbols: Judaism: • Star of David • Wailing Wall (Temple Mount): meeting place for all three religions. • Cave of the Patriarchs • Congregations led by Rabbi Islam: • Star and Crescent • Kaaba in Mecca • The Green Dome of Medina • Congregations led by Imans Christianity: • Cross • Church of the Holly Sepulcher • Church of the Nativity • Congregations led by priests.

  7. 1.02 Monotheistic Religions Judaism: • Hassidic • Reform Christianity: • Roman Catholic • Pope in Rome • Protestant: • Lutheranism • Presbytarianism • Anglican • Baptist • Methodist • Quaker • Unitarian • Eastern Orthodox • Patriarch in Greece Islam: • Summis • Shias

  8. 1.03 Expansion of Islam Fastest growing religion Originated in the Arabian Peninsula. Muhammad is its prophet Total submission to god Medina is the city of the prophet Muslim is the one that submits to god. Allah: god Islam begins with Hijra • Pilgrimage of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina Muhammad dies in 632

  9. 1.03 Spread of Islam • 750-1258: • Umayyad out of power; Abbasid raided to power • Umayyad escaped-established empire in Spain. 700 years • Persian rulers adopted Islam. • Traders spread the religion into West & East Africa. • From India into China & Southeast Asia. • 1258-1683 • 13th century in Southeast Asia & North Africa. • Ottomans conquered Constantinople. Expanded to Arab, Persian, and North Europe lands. • Mongols adopted Islam=New Empire in India. 612-632: • 612-Mohammad received revelations from god. • 632-Conquered tribes adopted Islam. • Control large portion of Arabian Peninsula • Muhammad died 632-661 • First four rulers after Muhammad-Four Rightly Guided Caliphs • Defeated Persians and Byzantines • Control Arabian Peninsula, Persia, Syria, & Egypt 661-750 • 661-the last Rightly Guided Caliph was murdered • Split into Sunny & Shia • Raise of the Umayyad Caliphate • Expanded into Spain, North Africa, and Central Asia

  10. 1.03 Spread of Islam 1- Expansion under Muhammad: 622-632 2- Expansion under the Rashidum Caliphate: 632-661 3- Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate: 661-670 1 1 2 1 2 1 3

  11. 1.03 The March of Islam

  12. 1.03 Islam in India: The Mughal Empire First came to India w/Arab merchants 11th century Mamluks gained power-overthrew Abbasid N. Africa & SW Asia12th century. Mongols dominated most of Asia Not all India converted. Some went to Hinduism. 16th century Mongols overthrew the Delhi Sultanate-established the Mughal Empire. Muslim empire did not last-remains a powerful religion. From India to Malaysia and Indonesia. Very powerful.

  13. 1.04 The Golden Age of Islam What is a “golden age”? • Great time of achievement Many factors helped with this Golden Age: • Qur’an: • principles of respect for all and knowlegde. • Did not force conversion • Higher taxes for non-Muslims • Islamic law and Arabic ruled the Empire • Discovered of Chinese papermaking process • Further knowledge and economy • House of Wisdon-Baghdad • Translate great works of literature into Arabic. • Preserved Greek and Roman classics

  14. Islamic Golden Age Achievements • Architecture: • Complex in color and arabesques • Simple outside, ornate inside • Archways and geometric patterns • Literature: • One Thousand and One Nights or Arabian Nighs • Calligraphy: • Intricate lettering • Especially used in the Qur’an • Art: • Arabesques • Pottery • Mathematic: • Arabic numerals adapted from Hindu • Idea of zero=algebra • Science: • Geometry and astronomy • Beginning of scientific method • Medicine: • Anatomy • Avicenna: • Cannon-book • Encyclopedia of Philosophy

  15. 1.05 The Byzantine Empire • 4th century • Eastern Roman Empire thrived • Western Roman Empire declined • Invasions • Declining economy • Poor leadership • 476 CE collapsed • Known as the “Fall of Rome” • Germanic kingdoms claimed Roman lands • Roads and structures fell into disrepair • Commerce collapse • Roman Catholic Church became a powerful force in Western Europe • Eastern Roman Empire • Constantinople=Byzantium • Constantine I rebuild it • Look like Old Rome • Known as New Rome • People living in Constantinople • Considerer themselves Romans • Now called Byzantines • 11th century: • Disagreement over the rule of the Roman Church • Split in the Empire • Western and Eastern

  16. 1.05 The Byzantine Empire • The Byzantine emperors • Far away from Rome • Thought to have authority over the whole Roman Empire including Roman Church • The emperor final authority • Patriarchs and bishops answered to the Emperor not the pope • Christianity: • Helped unified the people of the Byzantine Empire • 8th & 9thcneturies • Iconoclast controversy • Reverence to figures and painting • Forbidden in the Bible • Eastern emperors kept a strong army • Constantinople survived another 1000 years • Continue with Roman law and traditions • Justinian codified Roman Law • Revived Hellenistic (Greek) art and literature • Credited with maintaining the Greek and Roman knowledge that we still use today. • Latin was the official language of the Empire • Most people spoke Greek

  17. 1.05 The Byzantine Empire • Other issues: • Leavened bread in mass against unleavened • Power of the pope: • Emperor over the Patriarch • Constantinople as a Christian city center as equal to Rome • Schism: • 1054 • Pope excommunicated Patriarch • Patriarch excommunicated Pope • Split in the Church • West Roman Catholic • Pope and Rome • East Eastern Orthodox • Patriarch and Constantinole • Iconoclast controversy: • Lasted more than 100 years • Became political • Emperor did not need church in Rome to ban icons • People who supported icons=persecuted & excommunicated • Could not partake in communion • Broke relations between West and East • Charlemagne crowned emperor of the West 800 CE • Church did not recognized Eastern Emperor as head of the church

  18. Similarities and Differences Between the two Churches • Roman Catholic Church: • Latin official language • Pope highest authority • Priests can’t marry • Married couples could not divorce • Centered in Rome • Similarities • Based on teachings of Jesus and Bible • Sacraments • Have priests and bishops • Seek to convert others to Christianity • Eastern Orthodox Church • Greek official language • Patriarch and bishops as leaders • Priests can marry • Married couples could divorce • Centered in Constantinople

  19. 1.06 The Byzantine Empire: Achievement and Expansion • 395 to 1025 CE • Most powerful empire • Constantinople • Capital • Economic, cultural, & political center • Contributions in art, architecture, language, & law. • Code of law influenced countries for centuries • US • Constantinople: • Constantine founded in 330 CE • Capital of the Eastern Roman Empire • Located in two continents: • Europe: Bosphorus • Controlled land and sea trade routes between Europe and Asia

  20. Constantinople’s Location • Justinian I • 527 became emperor • Not son of preceding ruler • Born of peasant origins • Imperial succession not hereditary • Wife: Theodora • Not upper class either • Husband and wife different parties • Justinian blue • Theodora greens • Both parties revolt: • Nika Rebellion • 532 CE • Bribed blues to leave the greeens • Between Europe and Asia • Culture influenced both regions • Architecture combined both styles • Hagia Sophia • Christian Church • 1453 Turks converted to a mosque • Byzantine society • Upper class: • Small percentage • Aristocrats of Roman descent, wealthy landowner • Middle class: • Small percentage • Shopkeepers & small scale merchants • Lower class: • Majority • Poor workers & serfs • Slaves: • Large percentage • Owned by wealthy aristocrats or government • Worked in private residences, mines, & farms

  21. Byzantine Empire 1360

  22. 1.07 Collapse of An Empire • The Crusades and the weaken of the Empire • 1st Crusade • Latins settle in Constantinople • Resentment between Latins and Byzantines • 1100s Venice gains control over Byzantine trade routes • 4th Crusade • Latins take hold of Constantinople • 1250 CE emperor Michael VIII restores the Byzantine Empire • 1300s Ottomans Turks conquered Byzantine territory in Asia Minor • Constantine I contributed to the collapse • Constant wars • Rebuilding of Constantinople • Economic troubles • Army scattered across the land • Lombards conquered northern Italy • Bubonic plague also Justinian Plague • Killed millions • Shortage of human power

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