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Evolution of Chemistry: From Alchemy to Modern Science

Discover the origins of chemistry from ancient civilizations to modern scientific methods. Learn about alchemy's impact, the development of the scientific method, and key historical figures that shaped the field.

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Evolution of Chemistry: From Alchemy to Modern Science

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  1. CHM 1025C CRN 201410 • Dr. ROBERT BORDERS • OFFICE: ROOM 307 AHS • OFFICE PHONE: 407 582 1261 • CELL PHONE: 407 092 3346 • OFFICE HOURS: BY APPOINTMENT

  2. Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

  3. WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? • CHEMISTRY IS A DIVERSE SCIENCE. YOU CAN CALL IT THE CENTRAL SCIENCE DEALING WITH THE MATERIALS OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE CHANGES THAT THEY UNDERGO. • LOOK AROUND YOU. WHAT DO YOU SEE? WHAT ARE YOU WEARING? ARE YOU WEARING PURE COTTON OR WOOL? IF NOT THEN YOU ARE WEARING SYNTHETIC MATERIALS, THE PRODUCTS OF CHEMISTRY.

  4. MOST PHENOMENA WE SEE AROUND US INVOLVE CHEMICAL CHANGES, WHERE TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES JOIN TOGETHER TO BECOME DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES.

  5. “THE WILL TO SUCCEED IS IMPORTANT, BUT WHAT’S MORE IMPORTANT IS THE WILL TO PREPARE.” • DO YOU KNOW WHO SAID THIS?

  6. YOU MAY HAVE HEARD FROM OTHERS THAT CHEMISTRY IS A DIFFICULT SUBJECT. • THEY ARE PARTLY CORRECT, BUT IT IS NOT TOO DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND. • HOWEVER THE TOPICS MUST BE LEARNED IN A CUMULATIVE MANNER AS THE SUBJECT MATERIAL BUILDS ON ITSELF.

  7. SOMETIMES I LIKE TO TELL A CHEMISTRY JOKE BUT THE FOLLOWING SLIDE TELLS WHAT I GET FROM MY CLASS.

  8. WE ENJOY A STANDARD OF LIVING THAT ONE COULD NOT IMAGINE A CENTURY AGO. WHY? • DUE TO THE EVOLUTION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. • THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY HAS PROVIDED US WITH MANY BENEFITS. • OUR STANDARD OF LIVING REQUIRES SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICIANS WITH TRAINING IN CHEMISTRY

  9. THE EVOLUTION OF CHEMISTRY • THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE BEGAN WITH THE ANCIENT CHINESE, EGYPTIAN, AND GREEK CIVILIZATIONS. THE CHINESE BELIEVED THE UNIVERSE WAS COMPOSED OF TWO INTERACTING FORCES THE YIN AND YANG. THE GREEKS PROPOSED THAT THE UNIVERSE WAS COMPOSED OF AIR, FIRE, WATER AND EARTH. THE EGYPTIANS INTRODUCED THE PSEUDOSCIENCE OF ALCHEMY.

  10. SOME HISTORY OF ALCHEMY • ALCHEMY WAS A PRECURSOR OF MODERN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. IT REPRESENTED THE FIRST SYSTEMATIC ATTEMPTS OF PEOPLE TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE WORKINGS OF THE UNIVERSE WITHOUT RECOURSE TO RELIGION. • ALCHEMY IS CREDITED WITH LAYING THE FOUNDATION OF CHEMISTRY.

  11. THERE WERE TWO MAIN DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE “SCIENCE” OF ALCHEMY. • THE FIRST WAS THE SEARCH FOR THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH WHETHER IT BE A SHYSICAL PLACE OR A POTION CAPABLE RESTRORING AND MAINTAINING YOUTH.

  12. THE SECOND AND MORE FAMOUSLY, ALCHEMY WAS A PURPORTED MEANS OF TRANSFORMING BASE METALS INTO GOLD. • DURING THESE EFFORTS THEY MADE A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES SUCH AS THE EMEMENTS ARSENIC (As), ANTIMONY (Sb), MERCURY (Hg), BISMUTH (Bi)

  13. AS EARLY AS 600B.C. THE GREEKS SPECULATED THAT THE UNIVERSE WAS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE ELEMENT. • THALES, THE FOUNDER OF GREEK SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS AND PHILOSOPHY, SUGGESTED THAT WATER WAS THE SINGLE ELEMENT. • ANOTHER PHILOSOPHER PROPOSED THAT AIR WAS THE BASIC ELEMEMENT. THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY OTHERS SUGGESTING THAT FIRE AND EARTH WERE THE BASIC ELEMENT.

  14. ABOUT 450 B.C. ANOTHER PHILOSOPHER EMPEDOCLES OVSERVED THAT WHEN WOOD BURNED, SMOKE WAS RELEASED (AIR), FOLLOWED BY FLAME (FIRE). • HE ALSO NOTICED THAT WHEN A COOL SURFACE WAS HELD OVER A FURE IT COLLECTED MOISTURE (WATER) AND ALL THAT REMAINED WAS ASHES (EARTH). • HE INTERPRETED THIS AS EVIDENCE FOR AIR, FIRE, EARTH, AND WATER AS THE BASIC ELEMENTS.

  15. Evolution of Chemistry • THE GREEKS BELIEVED IN FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS: 1. EARTH • AIR • FIRE • WATER • AND THAT ALL SUBSTANCES WERE COMBINATIONS OF THESE FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS. Chapter 1

  16. IN ABOUT 350 B.C., ARISTOLTLE ADOPETED THE IDEA OF THESE FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS, BUT ADDED A FIFTH ELEMENT, ETHER, THAT HE BELIEVED FILLED ALL SPACE. • HIS INFLUENCE WAS SO GREAT THAT HIS OPINIONS DOMINATED OTHER GREEK PHILOSOPHERS FOR NEARLY 2000 YEARS.

  17. SCIENTIFIC METHOD • THE ENGLISH SCIENTIST ROBERT BOYLE (1627-1691), IN 1661 IN HIS CLASSICAL BOOK, THE SCEPTICAL CHYMIST, HE STATED THAT THEORETICAL SPECULATION WAS WORTHLESS UNLESS IT WAS SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE. • THIS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

  18. The Scientific Method • SCIENCE IS THE METHODICAL EXPLORATION OF NATURE FOLLOWED BY A LOGICAL EXPLANATION OF THE OBSERVATIONS. • AN EXPERIMENT INVOLVES SCIENTISTS WHO EXPLORE NATURE ACCORDING TO A PLANNED STRATEGY AND MAKE OBSERVATIONS UNDER CONTROLED CONDITIONS.

  19. The Scientific Method, Continued • THE SCIENTIFIC METHODIS A SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF NATURE AND REQUIRES PROPOSING AN INITIAL EXPLANATION FOR THE RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENT IN THE FORM OF A GENERAL PRINCIPLE. • THE INITIAL, TENTATIVE PROPOSAL OF A SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE IS CALLED A HYPOTHESIS.

  20. AFTER FURTHER INVESTIGATION, THE ORIGINAL HYPOTHESIS MAY BE REJECTED, REVISED, OR ELEVATED TO THE STATUS OF A SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE.

  21. APPLYING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEP 1: PERFORM A PLANNED EXPERIMENT, MAKE OBSERVATIONS, AND RECORD DATA. STEP 2: ANALYZE THE DATA AND PROPOSE A TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN THE EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS. STEP 3: CONDUCT ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS. IF THE EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE INITIAL PROPOSAL, THE HYPOTHESIS MAY BECOME A SCIENTIFIC THEORY.

  22. APPLYING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, • ONLY AFTER SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE, A HYPOTHESIS MAY RISE TO A SCIENTIFIC THEORY. A THEORY IS A MODEL THAT EXPLAINS THE BEHAVIOR OF NATURE. • A NATURAL LAW STATES A MEASURABLE RELATIONSHIP. . Chapter 1

  23. A LAW: IS A CONCISE STATEMENT OR MATHEMATICAL EQUATION ABOUT A FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP OR REGULARITY OF NATURE. • HYPOTHESIS: A TENTATIVE EXPLANATION OF SOME REGULARITY OF NATURE. ONLY AFTER THERE IS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A HYPOTHESIS DOES IT BECOME A SCIENTIFIC THEORY. • THEORY: AWELL TESTED EXPLANATION OF BASIC NATURAL PHENOMENA. HOWEVER A THEORY CAN NEVER BE ABSOLUTELY PROVEN.

  24. THE TERMS THEORY AND LAW ARE RELATED AND OFTEN CONFUSED. YOU CAN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE TWO TERMS BY ASKING A SIMPLE QUESTION. • IS THE PROPOSAL MEASURABLE? IF THE ANSWER IS YES, THEN THE STATEMENT IS A LAW; OTHERWISE IT IS A THEORY.

  25. CRITICAL THINKING: THE RISE AND FALL OF A THEORY WHAT DO BURNING WOOD, RUSTING IRON, AND EXPLODING GASOLINE HAVE IN COMMON THE PHLOGISTON THEORY WAS PROPOSED TO EXPLAIN HOW MATTER BURNED. FOR MATERIAL TO BURN IT MUST CONTAIN PHLOGISTON AND WHEN BURNING IT WAS LOST LEAVING A SUBSTANCE CALLED CALX. THIS THEORY REMAINED CREDIBLE UNTIL LAVOISIER SHOWED THAT OXYGEN WAS REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION. Chapter 1

  26. ALL THREE ARE EXAMPLES OF COMBUSTION. • COMBUSTION IS A CHEMICAL REACTION OF A SUBSTANCE WITH OXYGEN. • RUSTING IS A SLOW REACTION, BURNING IS A RAPID REACTION, AND AN EXPLOSION IS AN INSTANTANEOUS REACTION.

  27. MODERN CHEMISTRY • IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, THE FRENCH CHEMIST ANTOINE LAVOISIER (1743-1794) ORGANIZED CHEMISTRY AND WROTE TWO IMPORTANT TEXTBOOKS. HE ALSO BUILT A MAGNIFICENT LABORATORY AND INVITED SCIENTISTS FROM AROUND THE WORLD TO VISIT IT. • FOR HIS NUMEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS, HE IS CONSIDERED THE FOUNDER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY.

  28. Modern Chemistry • CHEMISTRY IS A SCIENCE THAT STUDIES THE COMPOSITION OF MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES. • CHEMISTRY IS DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL BRANCHES: • ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IS THE STUDY OF SUBSTANCES CONTAINING CARBON. • INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IS THE STUDY OF ALL OTHER SUBSTANCES THAT DON’T CONTAIN CARBON.

  29. BIOCHEMISTRY IS THE STUDY OF SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM PLANTS AND ANIMALS. • GREEN CHEMISTRY IS THE DESIGN OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT REDUCE WASTE AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

  30. Chemistry Connection: “Worth Your Salt?” • SALT WAS ONCE SO VALUABLE, IT WAS USED TO PAY ROMAN SOLDIERS • TABLE SALT IS OBTAINED BY THREE MAJOR PROCESSES: • SALT MINING • SOLUTION MINING • SOLAR EVAPORATION OF SALT WATER • TABLE SALT IS NECESSARY FOR THE HUMAN BODY, BUT TOO MUCH CAN CAUSE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

  31. A STUDENT SUCCESS STORY • IN 1885, CHARLES MARTIN HALL (1863- 1914) WAS A 22 YEAR OLD STUDENT AT OBERLING COLLEGE. • HIS CHEMISTRY PROFESSOR TOLD THE CLASS THAT ANYONE WHO COULD DISCOVER AN INEXPENSIVE METHOD TO PRODUCE ALUMINUM METAL WOULD BECOME RICH AND FAMOUS AND BENEFIT HUMANITY.

  32. CHARLES SET UP A LABORATORY IN HIS FATHERS GARAGE AND DID JUST THAT AFTER EIGHT MONTHS OF TRYING. • IN 1886 HE WALKED INTO HIS PROFESSORS OFFICE WITH ALUMINUM HE HAD PRODUCED. • IN 1886, PURE ALUMINUM METAL COST OVER $100,000 PER POUND.

  33. Chemistry Connection: A Student Success • CHARLES HALL AND PAUL HÉROULT BOTH INDEPENDENTLY DISCOVERED A METHOD FOR OBTAINING PURE ALUMINUM FROM ALUMINUM ORE. • THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS FOR OBTAINING ALUMINUM METAL IS REFERRED TO AS THE HALL-HÉROULT PROCESS. • TODAY, PURE ALUMINUM COSTS LESS THAN $1PER POUND.

  34. Learning Chemistry • Different people learn chemistry differently. • What do you see in the picture? • Some people see a vase on a dark background; some people see two faces. • Two perceptions from the same image. Chapter 1

  35. Problem Solving • Connect the dots using only four straight lines. • Experiment untilyou find a solution.

  36. Problem Solving, Continued • Did you have to usefive straight lines? • No matter whichdot we start with,we still needfive lines.

  37. Problem Solving, Continued • Are we confining the problem? • We need to gobeyond the ninedots to answerthe problem.

  38. Chemistry: The Central Science • KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD AROUND US. Chapter 1

  39. Chapter Summary • SCIENTISTS USE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO INVESTIGATE THE WORLD AROUND THEM. • EXPERIMENTS LEAD TO A HYPOTHESIS, WHICH MAY LEAD TO A SCIENTIFIC THEORY OR A NATURAL LAW. • CHEMISTRY IS A CENTRAL SCIENCE WITH MANY BRANCHES. • THE IMPACT OF CHEMISTRY IS FELT IN MANY ASPECTS OF OUR DAILY LIVES. Chapter 1

  40. TO LEARN CHEMISTRY YOU NEED TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING. CHEMISTRY IS SYSTEMATIC; IT BUILDS UPON ITS SELF. • MAKING MISTAKES IS NOT A DISASTER AS LONG AS YOU LEARN FROM THEM

  41. EVERYONE USES DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN LEARNING CHEMISTRY. THESE ARE SOME THAT I FEEL ARE NECESSARY TO SUCCEED. • READ EACH CHAPTER PRIOR TO CLASS LECTURE. • ATTEND CLASS TAKING NOTES, AND PARTICIPATE IN CLASS, ASK QUESTIONS. • READ YOUR LABORATORY MANUAL AND DO YOUR PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT PRIOR TO COMING TO LAB. .

  42. UTILIZE THE GLOSSARY, AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES, CHEMISTRY CONNECTIONS, AND REVIEW SKILLS SECTION OF EACH CHAPTER. • DO THE PRACTICE EXERCISES AND ASSIGNED HOMEWORK. • ASK FOR ASSISTANCE WHEN YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND SUBJECT MATERIAL.

  43. REMEMBER • YOU NEED TO KEEP UP WITH ALL YOUR ASSIGNMENTS. • ALSO THAT • LAST MINUTE CRAMMING USUALLY DOES NOT WORK GOOD IN CHEMISTRY.

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