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Globalization in Higher Education Motohisa Kaneko (University of Tsukuba)

Globalization in Higher Education Motohisa Kaneko (University of Tsukuba) . International Symposium New Directions in Higher Education for the Development of Global Human Resources Launching AIMS Program in Japan – Organized by University of Tsukuba and SEAMEO-RIHED

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Globalization in Higher Education Motohisa Kaneko (University of Tsukuba)

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  1. Globalization in Higher Education Motohisa Kaneko (University of Tsukuba) • International Symposium • New Directions in Higher Education • for the Development of Global Human Resources • Launching AIMS Program in Japan – • Organized by • University of Tsukuba and SEAMEO-RIHED • 21 February 2014 Tsukuba

  2. Outline １．International Flow of Students ２.Why International Exchange is Important 　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

  3. Student flow in the world (in millions) Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2013

  4. Mechanism of expansion Expansion of Student Mobility Demand Students Supply Higher Education Institutions Platforms of Student Exchange Three factors

  5. Supply • Governmental policies to attract foreign students • Mutual understanding, International aid • Attraction of talents • Economic interests • Institutional motivation • Academic altruism • Spirit of university • Economic interest • Tuition fees • UK and Australia • Enrichment of educational program

  6. Economic incentive to HE institutions Australia: Income of HE institutions by source (%) Source: Australian Government, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2009 Higher Education Finance Report. Table 1 • Former British Common Wealth • U.K. in 2008 • Tuition revenue from foreign students accounts for 9 percent • About half of the tuition revenue from domestic or EU students • Australia • Tuition revenue accounts for 17 percent • Third in export

  7. Demand • Three types of incentive • 1. Catch-up • To absorb advanced knowledge • Limited supply of domestic HE institutions • 2. Economic incentive • Foreign degrees lead to better employment • Employment opportunity in host country • 3. Enrichment of experience • Cultural/social exposure • Short exchange program

  8. Shift in the demand Demand for studying abroad 3. Educational Enrichment 1. Catch-up 2. Economic Incentive Economic Development

  9. Why the demands expanded • Middle income countries • Economic development • Increases in household income • Financial capacity to send children overseas • Increases in type 1 and type 2 demands • High income countries • Rising interests in international exposure

  10. Study abroad from the U.S. ２．４ fold increase in 10 years 出所：　US Dept. of Education. Digest of Education Statistics 2009. Table 225.

  11. Japan in the global student mobility Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2012, Table C4.5 • Outbound driven • Germany, France • EU framework • Inbound driven • U.S., U.K., Australia • English speaking • Japan • Low both in inbound and outbound

  12. Stagnating mobility Source: JASSO and School Basic Survey, various years • Inbound students • Increased through 2000s • 63% are from China • Excess demands in China • Likely to diminish • Outbound • Started to decline since early 2000s • Those to the US has become one-half • Increase in other destinations

  13. Outline １．International Flow of Students ２.Why International Exchange is Important 　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

  14. Why international exchange is important to Japan • Trap that Japan has fallen in • Catch-up demand - diminishing • Economic incentive – small and stagnating • Educational enrichment – still small • Issue • Promoting educational enrichment • Why educational enrichment is vital • Globalization • Institutional revitalization of universities and colleges • Universalization of higher education • Changing experiences and motivation of the students

  15. Universalization of higher education All types of higher ducation 72 % 4-year universities and colleges 50 % Universalization Massification Participation Rates

  16. Declining maturity Ambiguity in aspiration Lack of social experiences Changing students CRUMP 2007 National Student Survey,

  17. College grads seen by personnel officers Maturity Interpersonal skill Logical thinking Reading/writing Sufficient ← 　　→ Insufficient CRUMP Survey on personnel officers 2009. N = 8,157 http://ump.p.u-tokyo.ac.jp/crump/ • Personal is regarded to be most lacking

  18. Effects of studying abroad Percent changes in dependent variables by experience of studying abroad. Beta coefficient from regression analysis. Indicated values are significant at 99 percent level Source: Calculated from CRUMP Student Survey N= ３８，３３６

  19. Students’ evaluation of experiences of studying abroad (%) Source: CRUMP Student Survey N=45,399 Time spent for self-directed learning by experience of studying abroad

  20. Why studying abroad is important • Problems of HE • Erosion of classical identity formation • Prolonged protected childhood • Cultural/value universalization • Diffused identity • Decline of traditional career paths • Difficulty in establishing career prospects • Studying abroad • Exposure to different culture/society • Crisis and forced adjustment • Experience of diversity and change • Need to seek own identity • Ability/willingness • To accept changing working environment • To work people from different backgrounds

  21. Outline １．International Flow of Students ２.Why International Exchange is Important 　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

  22. Breaking the trap • Recent moves in HE reform • Government policies • Incentives to renovate educational practices • Financial incentives to promote internationalizaiton • Institutional level • Changes in educational practices • Still in the process • Expansion of outbound students • Accommodation of inbound students • Formation of multiple platforms • Regional framework

  23. Mechanism of expansion Expansion of Student Mobility Demand Students Supply Higher Education Institutions Platforms of Student Exchange Three factors

  24. Patterns of mobility Hub US, UK, Australia Regional EU - ERASMUS Regional East, South-East Asia • Hub • Regional • otehrs

  25. Distribution by pattern About 40 percnet Small relative to population Source: tabulated from OECD Education Outloook 2007

  26. The roles of regional frameworks Europe ERASMUS project Setting the target , Government policies, subsidies Bologna Process Standardization of diploma Expansion of mobility Lesson The need of government initiative Institutional response is critical Changes in motivation and perspectives of the students Regional framework in East and South-East Asia Still immature Large potential

  27. Conclusion and prospects • Changing concept of “studying abroad” • a part of educational program • to enhance student engagement through international experiences • Combined expansion of inbound and outbound mobility • Institutional reforms • Design of joint exchange programs • Pedagogy and curriculum • Reforms in organizational structure • Strategic roles of regional framework • Facilitates regular mobility • Reduces risks • Promote reforms in participating institutions

  28. Questions and Comments Please

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