Final Review

1. Final Review What you Need to Know for Thursday

2. Sections Your Final will consist of four sections: • A multiple choice section testing you on rhetorical concepts and APA format. • A short reading passage with questions • A multiple choice grammar section • A short essay section in which you will be asked to answer one of three prompts. The prompts focus on arguments about crime or the mind.

3. Definitions • Author – person or persons creating the text • Audience – the people it was created for • Context – where the piece appeared and the historical situation surrounding it • Title – name of the text • Purpose – reason for creation and goals of text • Structure – how the text is arranged • Main point/thesis – the central issues the texts sets out to prove

4. Definitions (cont) • Rhetoric- the study and use of language, images, and concepts to inform and persuade • Ethos- related to the word “ethics”; it refers to the trustworthiness of a rhetor • Pathos- related to the words “pathetic,” “sympathy,” and “empathy”; it refers to the ability of the rhetor to evoke feelings from readers and and viewers through a combination of concrete language and vivid examples • Logos- related to the word “logic”; it refers to the ability of the rhetor to appeal to the audiences’ logic or reason based on rational appeals

5. Definitions (cont) • Argument- the branch of rhetoric that deals with the appeal of logos • Induction- logical reasoning that moves from specific observations to a generalized conclusion • Deduction- logical reasoning that starts with a generalization and proceeds to a conclusion based upon this observation • Research question- the query or obstacle that a creator of an argument wants to answer or solve • Claim- a proposition the arguer sets out to prove • Data- evidence that backs up a claim

6. Definitions (cont) • Factual Claims -- assert that something has existed, exists, or will exist. They tend to use statistics, examples, and forms of testimony for support. • Judgment Claims -- express approval or disapproval and may establish that an action, belief, or condition is right or wrong, good or bad, beautiful or ugly, worthwhile or undesirable, etc. They tend to need clear criteria and to define their terms. • Proposal Claims -- assert that a course of action should be adopted. They tend to use a mix of rhetorical appeals and include examples.

7. Definitions (cont) • Evidence – facts, statistics, examples, expert opinion, and personal observations. Logos appeals • Rhetorical Appeals- appeals to pathos or ethos • Warrants of Authority – depend upon the credibility and expertise of the source of the information. • Warrants of Verifiable Fact – depend upon the fact that the evidence can be confirmed by reviewing the sources data • Warrants of Rhetorical Appeal – depend upon the values of the audience and rhetor

8. Short Passage • There will be a short text to read and answer questions on. Fair questions would include the following: • The thesis • The purpose • Claims • Evidence • Rhetorical appeals • Tone

9. APA format and references Two types of multiple choice questions: • Questions that ask about general APA format guidelines • Questions that ask you to find the correct citation

10. In-Text Guidelines for APA Give the author credit in the text in the following ways: • Use quotation marks before and after the author’s words in a short quotation, always. • Place quotation citations after the quote, summary, or paraphrase. • Use the author’s full name the first time; after that you may use the author’s last name. If you do not have this information, cite the text’s title, either in the sentence introducing the borrowed material or within parentheses at the end of the quotation or paraphrase. • Cite the year the document was published within parentheses (after the author’s name if it does not appear in your text). Follow the year with a colon; then note the page(s) on which the original information appears. (Note that there is no space between the colon and the page number(s).) • If you are citing reprinted material, type only the date from the version of the work used in your text. • If a quotation takes up more than four manuscript lines, cite it as a block quotation. • Exclude the quotation marks and use brackets instead of parentheses to enclose the bibliographic information. The brackets follow the sentence period.

11. Reference Page Guidelines for APA • Title the page References (with no quotation marks around the word, and no bold or italics). • • Arrange the sources in alphabetical order ⎯ by the last name of the first author listed on the source. • References with the same author and date should be alphabetized by the title of the document. • • When there are two or more places of publication for a reference, list only the first. • • For student work, the References Cited page is double-spaced.

12. Reference Page Specifics • Review the laminated APA guide that came with your text book. • Use either of the APA guides posted on the course webpage

13. Grammar Common questions will deal with the following: • fragments and run on sentences • faulty parallelism • pronoun usage • dangling and misplaced modifiers • subject verb agreement • pronoun usage • commas, semicolons and colons • Use the grammar reviews on e-companion and OWL to aid in your studying (grammar sections from ENC 1101 Write Now would also be good study materials) • While this section will be multiple choice, do not assume it will be easy.

14. Writing Argument • This section will focus on chapters 6 and 9 • There will be 3 prompts based on issues raised the chapters. • Responses should be approximately 500-750 words. • You will be graded using our standard essay rubric.

15. :

16. What about the Post-test? • Many post-test questions were already covered in this review. • Most other parts are questions from ENC 1101. • The following slides review some of the more important ideas from 1101

17. Seven Steps of the Writing Process 1. Writing Situation – rhetorical star (subject, audience, purpose, strategy, and design) 2. Discovery – Brainstorming, Listing, Freewriting, Questioning ,Journaling, Sketching, Talking, Reading, and Viewing 3. Planning– working on thesis, outlines, and cluster diagrams • 4. Composing – getting ideas on paper. Write the easiest part first to build your confidence. Don’t expect perfection. Write until you’ve covered all of the main points you’ve planned to address. • 5. Revising – checking for unity (all details relating to thesis); get feedback, add and delete idea, develop remaining ideas, reorder paragraphs • 6. Editing – Edit for higher order concerns like support and logic; Edit for lower level concerns like mechanics, spelling, and punctuation • 7. Proofreading -- Check the smallest details. Read your paper aloud. Review the paper guidelines provided by your instructor.

18. Analytical Reading, Plagiarism, and Using Evidence • Preview the text, read the text and annotate, summarize the text, discuss the text – don’t ever just read the abstract! • When looking at visual texts, look at the composition of the text and how it is organized. • Using others words or idea without giving them credit is plagiarism (also theft and cheating!) • You must cite quotes, paraphrase, and summary! • Use expert testimony in supporting your points. However, avoid weak sources like Wikipedia or web cites without clear authors

19. Argument odds and ends • Avoid presenting only one side of an argument • Analogies comparing unfamiliar subjects to more familiar ones can be a useful means of clarifying a point and extended analogies can help provide credibility • Extended analogies can be an effective strategy in analytical writing • Essay achieve Unity when all supporting points clearly relate to the thesis

20. Bits from the Reading • In pictures and comics, meanings can be fluid and variable. A good example of this is “The Vocabulary of Comics” from chapter 1. • The idea of Utopia is largely due to the book of the same name by Sir Thomas Moore. • “New Wave” art and literature comes about through generational divides.

21. Good luck on the Final • Please let me know if you have any questions