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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS THE CARIBBEAN PART 4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS THE CARIBBEAN PART 4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA . Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters.

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS THE CARIBBEAN PART 4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

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  1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERSTHE CARIBBEANPART 4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

  2. Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric-mantle collision-zone inter-actions cause VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

  3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRAD-ATION GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

  4. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

  5. ACTIVE VOLCANOES

  6. THE CARIBBEAN BASIN

  7. The Caribbean:long referred to as the West Indies, includes more than 7,000 islands; of these, 13 are independent island countries

  8. ISLANDS POSSESSING MINOR VOLCANIC FEATURES • Aruuba, Barbados, Bahamas, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, and Antigua

  9. ISLANDS POSSESSING RUGGED MOUNTAIN RANGES • Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, ,Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Trinidad and Tobago

  10. ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

  11. THE CARIBBEAN’S VOLCANOES • The present dozen active volcanoes on or near the Caribbean are restricted to the Lesser Antilles

  12. THE BEST KNOWN HISTORIC ERUPTIONS • The best known are:oufriere on Guadeloupe, Mount Pelee on Martinique (well-known for its disastrous 1902 eruption and nuee ardente destroying St. Pierre and killing some 28,000 people), Kick'Em Jenny, a submarine volcano north of Grenada, and a series of eruptions beginning in 1995 on Montserrat.

  13. HAZARDS EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY LOCATION ELEMENTS OF VOLCANO RISK RISK

  14. THE VOLCANO HAZARDSARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS

  15. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • VERTICAL PLUME • ASH AND TEPHRA • LATERAL BLAST • PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

  16. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • LAVA FLOWS • LAHARS • EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) • “VOLCANIC WINTER”

  17. A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A VOLCANIC ERUPTION INTERACT WITH A CARIBBEAN NATION’S COMMUNITIES

  18. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community torespond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., a volcanic eruption,...) intersect at a point in space and time.

  19. Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

  20. THE REASONS ARE . . . • When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

  21. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.

  22. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community has NODISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

  23. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

  24. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

  25. EXAMPLES OF PAST VOLCANO DISASTERS MONTSERAT

  26. SOUFRIERE HILLS: 1995 and following

  27. SOUFRIERE HILLS ERUPTION

  28. SOUFRIERE HILLS ERUPTION

  29. SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO, MONTSERAT: 1995 TO PRESENT • The capital, Plymouth, was buried by ash and eventually evacuated. • 2,000-3,000 still remain on the island.

  30. IMPACTS • Numerous evacuations followed by temporary resumptions made normal life impossible. • Plymouth, which was eventually destroyed, was unable to function effectively as the capital.

  31. THE ALTERNATIVE TO A VOLCANO DISASTER ISVOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE

  32. VOLCANO HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • FORECASTS/SCENARIOS • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and • RECONSTRUCTION VOLCANO RISK POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION CARIBBEAN NATION’S COMMUNITIES HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

  33. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY HAZARDS (PDA’s) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

  34. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GEOEYE) THAT FACILITATE THREAT IDENTIFICATION FOR EARLY WARNING AND EVACUATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

  35. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVAC-UATION AND DISASTER RESILIENCE

  36. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

  37. STRATEGIC COLLABORATION FOR BECOMING VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENT

  38. PURPOSE PROTECTION CONTROL AVIATION SAFETY TECHNIQUE DESIGN ROOFS FOR WET ASH LAVA AND/OR LAHAR DIVERSION CHANNELS MODELS OF ASH DISTRIBUTION DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR VOLCANOES

  39. PURPOSE URBAN PLANNING EVACUATION TECHNIQUE MAPS: LAVA AND/OR LAHAR FLOW PATHS; ASH DISTRIBUTION COMMUNITY EVACUATION PLAN DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR VOLCANOES

  40. PURPOSE COMPUTER MODELS OF A SPECIFIC VOL-CANO, OR OF A SPECIFIC HAZARD TECHNIQUE MONITORING TO CONSTRUCT AN ERUPTION HISTORY OF A VOLCANO; HAZARD ZONES DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR VOLCANOES

  41. PURPOSE TEMPORARY SHELTERS TECHNIQUE SAFE HAVENS FOR EVACUEES DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR VOLCANOES

  42. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

  43. FORECASTS OF ERUPTIONS MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., DEFORMATION, SEISMICITY, GAS EMISSIONS, REMOTE SENSING, WIND DIRECTION) WARNING SYSTEMS DATABASES FOR EACH VOLCANO COMPUTER MODELS OF EACH VOLCANO HAZARD MAPS DISASTER SCENARIOS HAZARD ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE

  44. INSITU AND SATELLITE MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES .

  45. ALTHOUGH INFREQUENT, A VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN IS INEVITABLE • ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENT.

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