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Kraal in Africa

Kraal in Africa. Dispersed Rural Settlement. Each settlement has an economic base. Basic Services create goods to be distributed outside of the community. Example: big industries Paper Mill USAA Insurance QVC. Non-Basic Services: serve the community. Example: schools Grocery stores

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Kraal in Africa

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  1. Kraal in Africa

  2. Dispersed Rural Settlement

  3. Each settlement has an economic base • Basic Services create goods to be distributed outside of the community. • Example: • big industries • Paper Mill • USAA Insurance • QVC • Non-Basic Services: serve the community. Example: • schools • Grocery stores • Doctors • DMV • restaurants

  4. The Central Place TheoryWalter Christaller • Market area of a service • Size of a market area • Range • Threshold

  5. Gravity Model

  6. Back to Central Place Theory Which shape to use?

  7. Hexagon: Central Place

  8. Are the market areas the same size? • Are there concentrations of populations in some of the areas, i.e. are the thresholds the same size? • Would concentrations of population influence the locations? • Would the locations of businesses with large work forces influence the range? • Would demographics of population (specifically income) influence the range?

  9. Advantages to Central Place Theory • Does a “good enough” job of describing spatial patterns in urbanization • Only theory to describe hierarchy of urban centers • Describes location of trade and service activity • Beneficial to city economic developers to identify what types of services are necessary and will survive in a given community

  10. Problems with Central Place Theory • Large areas of flat land are rare and transportation networks often intentionally channel traffic in specific directions • Government intervention can dictate the location of industry • Perfect competition is an unreal assumption • People vary in their shopping trends—personal preference/sales • People and resources are not evenly distributed • Christaller did not account for changing functions of areas over time

  11. Central Business Districtsvs.The SUBURBS!!! The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly

  12. Central Business Districts - Original Location -Site -Situation

  13. Characteristics of CBDsCharlotte, NC • -Vertical Geography • -High Rents (bid rents) • -Demography • -Environmental Concerns • -Cultural Amenities • -Sense of Place

  14. Services of CBDs: Faneuil Hall Marketplace, Boston -Retail Services with a High Threshold -Retail Services with a High Range -Retail Services Serving Downtown Workers -Business Services

  15. Centralization in CBDs 1. Economic Advantages: -accessibility -location near transportation hubs -agglomeration, clustering of “like” services 2. Social Advantages: -Historical momentum -Prestige -locate near work

  16. Urban Renewal • Gentrification • Revitalization • Zoning • Sense of Place?

  17. Granville Island, Vancouver

  18. Who lives in the inner city? • Single Yuppies, DINKS=want to be near amenities and walk to work • Elderly, retired=want to be near amenities, can’t drive, no kids, downsizing from big house in suburbs • Middle-aged, single career women • Gay population • People with unique careers can only find jobs in big cities • People who don’t want to be far from amenities • Affordable, high density housing • Don’t want to pay transportation costs to CBD jobs

  19. Problems with Decentralization in CBDs • Inadequate and run-down housing, redlining, filtering, ethnic and racial segregation • Stores shut down • Homelessness, underclass, cycle of poverty • Services are cut or taxes are raised • Crime • Pollution • Lack of residents

  20. http://www.juicygeography.co.uk/downloads/podmovies/ExeterCBD.movVideo made by a geography student in Exeter, England about the CBD

  21. http://www.ted.com/talks/majora_carter_s_tale_of_urban_renewal.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/majora_carter_s_tale_of_urban_renewal.html

  22. Suburbs: The answer to decentralization • -The commuter zone: Counterurbanization, Transportation Corridor • -Early Policies that led to suburbanization A. Federal Road Act of 1916, Interstate Hwy Act 1956 B. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) 1934 -single family homes -FHA loans for repairs were short and small C. GI Bill 1944 D. United States Housing Act 1937 -provides public housing for the poor E. Zoning Ordinances, Gated Communities 2 effects: • Encouraged single family homes away from the central city 2. Magnified segregation of residential areas

  23. Suburbs: The Good Life? -Urban Sprawl -checkerboard development, in-filling -Placelessness -Better Schools -Safer Environment -Large Yards, single homes -Jobs have moved to the suburbs (suburbanization of business) Services have moved to the suburbs, office parks -Redlining, blockbusting -Master-planned communities

  24. Ted Talks on Suburbshttp://www.ted.com/talks/james_howard_kunstler_dissects_suburbia.html

  25. Who wants to live in the Suburbs? • Married with families, affordable, single homes • Divorced moms who get the family home • Widowed women (older • People who want safety (less crime), big yards, better schools • People who work outside of the city

  26. Urban Sprawl: Suburbs run amokhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/blueprintamerica/reports/america-in-gridlock/video-nowhere-to-grow/3/

  27. CBDs in Europe and Latin America How are they similar AND How are they different?

  28. Resources • De Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People, Place and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. • Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov, 2010. The Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. • Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, 2008. HumanGeography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. • Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, 2008. World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York.   • Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural • landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. • Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of • China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.

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