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The Dark Ages Get Darker

The Dark Ages Get Darker. 6.5 | Invasions, Reaction, and New Beginnings. “Where did they come from?”. Beginning c.800 AD Viking raiders appear, destroy, and vanish Wealthy churches are targeted Soon cities Lindisfarne Monastery 793 AD. Scandinavia . Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

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The Dark Ages Get Darker

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  1. The Dark Ages Get Darker 6.5 | Invasions, Reaction, and New Beginnings

  2. “Where did they come from?” • Beginning c.800 AD • Viking raiders appear, destroy, and vanish • Wealthy churches are targeted • Soon cities • Lindisfarne Monastery 793 AD

  3. Scandinavia Denmark, Norway, and Sweden Vikings, or Norsemen, or Northmen, etc. Not-so-fertile land Great for sailing though – fjords

  4. The Viking Raids c.200 Years • “The number of ships grows: the endless stream of Vikings never ceases to increase. Everywhere the Christians are victims of massacres, burnings, plundering: the Vikings conquer all in their path, and no on resists them.” – Christian monk from the time • Hit and run raids – no time to prepare defenses • Durable ships and excellent navigations skills • Original range far, but predictable (England, northern France) • Eventually, through the use of rivers, targets were as far as Kiev and Constantinople

  5. Viking Settlements • From Iceland to Greenland, to the Americas • Greenland 982 AD • Leif Eriksson – settlements in Canada and beyond • Normandy (northern France) • Frankish kings cut a deal with Vikings • Defend us from more Vikings and we will allow you to settle in northern France • Those Vikings were from Norway – the region became known as Normandy, where the Normans live

  6. Vikings in Russia • According to legend, Slavic Russia was fertile, but disorderly • Called upon the “Rus” (northern Europeans, possibly Vikings) to rule over them • Three brothers are chosen • Novgorod is made a center of power • Kiev (along the Dnieper) is another • The KievanRus expands – siege of Constantinople 907 AD • Byzantine Empire and Rus’ connection – good and bad • The impending “split” in 1054 and implications

  7. The Asiatic Hordes Return The Invasion of the Magyars Would remind the Europeans of the devastating invasions of the Huns during Roman times Would eventually settle in the region of Hungary Thus, Europeans would refer to them (and the region) as the land of the Huns, even though this is inaccurate

  8. Invasions

  9. So How Do We Fix This? • Instability and insecurity rampant • Well, let’s make it so that we have every inch of land secure and ready to be defended • As kings, we must parcel out land to “lesser kings” or nobles, who will then operate militarily in place of us • In this way, every bit of land owned by a king is operated by a subordinate who maintains order • While this stabilizes the situation, it decentralizes power • Beginning around the time of Charlemagne, this is feudalism

  10. How It Works

  11. The Eastern Roman Empire Under Siege The Byzantine Empire Byzantium – Constantinople – Istanbul

  12. Byzantium After Rome • Justinian 527-565 and his general Belisarius • Reconquer vast quantities of the Roman Empire • Preservation of Roman law and Classical heritage • Justinian Code – Re-written for the common person • Copies of all Greek and Roman works abundant – schools • Center of Christianity (not yet Rome) • 4 of the 5 patriarchs (for a while all 5) • Hagia Sophia • “Defender of the Faith” – conversions (Balkans, Slavs, Russia)

  13. Disputes Between Constantinople and Rome • For one, the East spoke Greek and the West Latin • Secondly, the East believed in equal power of the patriarchs and authority of councils (like Nicaea) • Rome, being founded by St. Peter, believed they had superiority to all other patriarchs – the Pope • The East allowed bishops and priests to marry • The West did not • Among many, many other minutia

  14. The Cold War of the Dark Ages • The only two superpowers existing outside China were • The Byzantine Empire – Christian • The Sassanid Persian Empire – Zoroastrian • Like with Rome, the two fought and fought • Emperor Heraclius c.610 AD • Defeats the Persians in a long and draining war • Secured European borders • Finally! It seemed that peace and stability could return…

  15. The Muslims Invade We will learn about their origins later For now, let’s observe their effects on the already over-encumbered Europe

  16. Rapid Expansion • Muslims sweep over Persia, too weak to resist 644 AD • Muslims invade the weakened Byzantine Empire • Halted near the Taurus Mountains (3 patriarchs lost) • Muslims annex all Byzantine lands in Africa • Muslims cross into Spain – topple Visigoth kingdom • Muslims take to the sea – islands captured, southern Italy conquered, Rome burned • Siege of Constantinople 674 AD and 717 AD • Frankish Kingdom invaded – the Battle of Tours 732 AD

  17. Charles the Hammer

  18. Massive Power Shifts Byzantium enters a period of political instability Rome, fearing that Byzantium can no longer protect it, turns to the Franks for help (Charlemagne) Islam becomes the new super power, literally across the Mediterranean In the East, China is emerging from the Warring States Period…

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