NATO ORIENTATION COURSE Module 4

1. NATO ORIENTATION COURSE Module 4 NATO STRUCTURES AND DECISION-MAKING version 2

2. Module 4: Introduction During this module, you will be introduced to the principal policy and decision making institutions of the Alliance as well as its civilian and military organisation and structure. After examining the NATO structures, you will then learn about the NATO decision making process, consultation and consensus. Finally, a short overview of the defense planning process will be given. You will notice that the structure of the principal policy and decision making institutions and the supporting committee and staffs re-enforce the decision making process based on consensus. This provides the nations optimal opportunities for consultation and cooperation from the lowest working levels to the summits when the heads of state and government meet in the North Atlantic Council. Like earlier sections, you can explore and learn more details about the particular subject, committee or agency by using the links which will take you directly to the NATO (on-line) handbook. version 2

3. Module 4: Learning Objectives Learning Objectives: • To understand the Alliance’s organisation, its working methods and consensus-based consultative decision-making process; • To understand the roles and responsibilities of civil and military NATO organisational elements and how they function. Understand how these organisational structures promote decision making by consensus; • Understand the role of the Secretary General and his leadership of the International Staff to support the NATO decision forums and structure; how they can promote consensus; • Understand the role of the military authorities of NATO, especially the Military Committee and the Integrated Military Structure; • Understand the NATO decision making process. Understand how consultation among members leads to better understanding and enables movement towards a consensus approach to issue resolution and policy formulation without a formal voting mechanism; • Understand the general procedures of NATO Defence Planning, how this process and staff procedures result in military capabilities that provides credibitity to NATO as the leading international security organisations in the Euro-Atlantic area. version 2

4. Module 4: Sections I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATION II. MILITARY ORGANISATION III. THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS IV. THE DEFENCE PLANNING PROCESS version 2

5. I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATION (1) • The principal policy and decision-making forums of NATO : • The NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL (NAC) • The DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE (DPC) • The NUCLEAR PLANNING GROUP (NPG) • The principal forums (NAC, DPC AND NPG) are supported by a Committee structure that also ensures that each member nation is represented at every level in all fields of NATO activity version 2

6. I. NATO’s STRUCTURE (2) National Authorities DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL NUCLEAR PLANNING GROUP MILITARY COMMITTEE SECRETARY GENERAL COMMITTEES SUBORDINATED TO THE COUNCIL, DPC, NPG INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF STRATEGIC COMMANDS INTERNATIONAL STAFF ALLIED COMMAND EUROPE ALLIED COMMAND ATLANTIC CANADIAN US PLANNING GP version 2

7. I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATIONS: NATIONAL AUTHORITIES (3) Permanent Representatives and National Delegations: • The National Delegations of the Member Nations include: • the Permanent Representative (PermRep) or Ambassador. • the Ambassador is supported by a Staff of civilian and military advisors who represent their countries on different NATO Committees. • The PermReps and National Delegations are co-located within the same headquarters building which promotes formal and informal contacts easily and without delay • among the national delegations • and with NATO’s International Staffs • and with the Representatives of Partner Countries. • NATO Policies are made by the Governments of NATO Member Countries. • Decisions are taken within the framework of the North Atlantic Council (NAC). • The PermRep represents his nation in the NAC and acts on instructions from his capital. • Each member country retains its sovereignty but have agreed to cooperate with each other voluntarily, in the best interests of all. version 2

8. I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATIONS: THE NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL (NAC) (4) • The North Atlantic Council is the only NATO Body established by the North Atlantic Treaty. It is the most important decision-making body in NATO. • It is the political forum which brings together senior civilian officials representing the Governments of all of the Members for the purpose of discussing Policy or Operational questions. • The NAC meets at different levels, depending on the wishes of the Member Countries, sometimes with their Permanent Representatives, sometimes with their Foreign or Defence Ministers, or with their Prime Ministers or Heads of Governments. • At whatever level it meets, its decisions still have the same authority, reflecting the views of each government and signaling their commitment to a particular course of action. • The Council itself was given responsibility under the Treaty for setting up subsidiary bodies. • A large number of subordinate Committees are responsible to the Council, prepare its work and follow-up on its decisions. • Items discussed and decisions taken at meetings of the Council cover all aspects of the Organisation’s activities and are frequently based on reports and recommendations prepared by subordinate committees at the Council’s request. • The Secretariat of the Council is provided by the relevant offices of the International Staff, and in particular by the Executive Secretariat, which has a coordinating role to ensure that the Council mandates are executed and its decisions are recorded and disseminated.. NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL: version 2

9. I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATIONS: THE DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE (DPC) (5) • The Defence Planning Committee (DPC) is normally composed of the Permanent Representatives but meets at the level of Defence Ministers at least twice a year. • The DPC deals with most defence matters and subjects related to collective defence planning. • It provides guidance to NATO’s military authorities and, within the area of its responsibilities, has the same functions and attributes and the same authority as the Council on matters within its competence. • The work of the DPC is prepared by a number of subordinate committees with specific responsibilities and in particular by the Defence Review Committee, which oversees the Force Planning Process within NATO and examines other issues related to the integrated military structure. • Like the Council, the Defence Planning Committee looks to the Senior Committee with the relevant specific responsibility for the preparatory and follow-up work arising from its decisions. DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE: version 2

10. I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATIONS: NUCLEAR PLANNING GROUP (NPG) (6) • The Defence Ministers of member countries which take part in NATO’s Defence Planning Committee meet at regular intervals in the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG), where they discuss specific policy issues associated with nuclear forces. • These discussions cover a broad range of nuclear policy matters, including the safety, security and survivability of nuclear weapons, communications and information systems, deployment issues and wider questions of common concern such as nuclear arms control and proliferation. • The Alliance’s nuclear policy is kept under review and decisions are taken jointly to modify or adapt it in light of new developments and to update and adjust planning and consultation procedures. • The work of the NPG is prepared by the NPG Staff Group composed of members of the national delegations of countries participating in the NPG. The Staff Group carries out detailed work on behalf of the NPG Permanent Representatives and meets regularly once a week. • The NPG High Level Group (HLG) was established as a senior advisory body to the NPG on nuclear policy and planning issues. • The HLG is chaired by the United States and is composed of national policy makers and experts from member capitals. • The HLG meets several times a year to discuss all aspects of NATO’s nuclear policy matters THE NUCLEAR PLANNING GROUP: version 2

11. I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATIONS: THE SECRETARY GENERAL (7) • The Secretary General of NATO is responsible for promoting and directing the process of consultation and decision-making throughout the Alliance. • He is Chairman of the North Atlantic Council and of other senior committees and, through his Chairmanship, has considerable influence on the decision-making process. • He may propose subjects for discussion and can use his position as an independent and impartial Chairman to steer the discussion towards consensus in the interests of the Alliance as a whole. • The Secretary General does not have the power to take policy decisions himself and can act on behalf of NATO only to the extent that the member governments agree that he should do so. • The Secretary General is the principal spokesman for the Alliance in bilateral relations between NATO and individual governments or in contacts with other International Organisations. • He is the main spokesman for the Alliance with respect to the press and the media. • The Secretary General is also responsible for the direction of the International Staff as a whole and has under his direct authority a private office and the Office of the Secretary General. THE SECRETARY GENERAL: version 2

12. I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATIONS: COMMITTEES (8) • The principal forums for consultation and decision-making are supported by a committee structure composed of all members of the Alliance. • The Secretary General is the titular chairman of a number of policy committees which are chaired or co-chaired on a permanent basis by senior officials responsible for the subject area concerned. • The Committees are illustrated on the next slide in accordance with their normal, permanent chairmanship. The list does not follow any rigid hierarchical or structural pattern. • The main source of support under the respective committees is the division or directorate of the International Staff with the primary responsibility for the subject matter concerned. Most committees receive administrative, procedural and practical support from the Executive Secretariat. Many of the committees are also supported by the International Military Staff. • All NATO committees take decisions or formulate recommendations to higher authorities on the basis of exchanges of information and consultations leading to consensus. There is no voting or decision by majority. • The NATO Military Committee is subordinate to the North Atlantic Council and the Defence Planning Committee but has a special status as the senior military authority in NATO. THE PRINCIPAL NATO COMMITTEES: version 2

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14. I. CIVILIAN ORGANISATIONS: THE INTERNATIONAL STAFF (IS) (10) • The International Staff is drawn from the member countries and serves the Council and the Committees and Working Groups as well as the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the NATO-RUSSIA Permanent Council, the NATO-UKRAINE Commission, and the Mediterranean Cooperation Group. • It acts as a secretariat as well as an advisory political and operational staff and works on a continuous basis on a wide variety of issues relevant to the Alliance and to its Partner Countries. • The members of the International Staff are responsible to the • Secretary General and owe their allegiance to the organisation • throughout their appointment. • The International Staff comprises the Office of the Secretary General, five operational divisions, the Office of Management and the Office of the Financial Controller. • The International Staff supports the process of consensus building and decision-making between member and partner countries and is responsible for the preparation and follow-up of the meetings and decisions of NATO committees. • There are also a number of civil agencies and organisations located in different member countries with responsibilities in fields such ascommunications and information systems and logistic support. THE INTERNATIONAL STAFF: version 2

15. INTERNATIONAL STAFF (11) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL CHAIRMAN CIVILIAN BUDGET COMMITTEE MILITARY BUDGET COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN INTERNATIONAL BOARD OF AUDITORS ASG FOR SECURITY INVESTMET , LOGISTIC & CIVIL EMERGENCY PLANNING ASG FOR SCIENTIFIC & ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS ASG FOR POLITICAL AFFAIRS ASG FOR DEFENCE PLANNING & OPERATIONS ASG FOR DEFENCE SUPPORT FINANCIAL CONTROLLER EXECUTIVE SECRETARY DIRECTOR OF MANAGEMENT DIRECTOR OF NATO OFFICE OF SECURITY DIRECTOR OF INFORMATION & PRESS version 2

16. II. MILITARY ORGANISATIONS: MILITARY STRUCTURE (1) NATO’s MILITARY STRUCTURE: MILITARY COMMITTEE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF SUPREME ALLIED COMMAND EUROPE SUPREME ALLIED COMMAND ATLANTIC CANADA-US REGIONAL PLANNING GROUP version 2

17. II. MILITARY ORGANISATIONS: THE MILITARY COMMITTEE (MC) (2) • The MC is the highest military authority in NATO, working under the overall political authority of the NAC, DPC and NPG. • On a day-to day basis, the work of the Committee is undertaken by the Military Representative (MILREPS),acting on behalf of their Chiefs of Defence. The MILREPS work in a national capacity, representing the best interests of their nation’s while remaining open to negotiation and discussion so that consensus can be reached. • The MC is responsible for recommending to NATO political authorities those measures considered necessary for the common defence of the NATO area. Its principal role is to provide direction and advice on military policy and strategy. • It provides guidance on military matters to the NATO Strategic Commanders and is responsible for the overall conduct of military affairs of the Alliance under the authority of the North Atlantic Council, as well for the efficient operation of Military Committee agencies. • The Committee assists in developing overall strategic concepts for the Alliance and prepares an annual long term assessment of the strength and capabilities of countries and areas posing a risk to NATO interests. MILITARY COMMITTEE: version 2

18. II. MILITARY ORGANISATIONS Chairman of the Military Committee(3) • The Chairman of the Military Committee (CMC): • The CMC is selected by the Chiefs of Defence. He acts exclusively in an international capacity and his authority stems from the MC. • He is both the spokesman and the representative of the MC. • He directs its daily business and acts on behalf of the Committee in issuing the necessary directives and guidance to the Director of the International Military Staff. • The CMC represents the Committee at high level meetings such as the NAC, DPC AND the NPG. version 2

19. II. MILITARY ORGANISATIONS: INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF (IMS) (4) • The IMS consists of military personnel who have been sent by • their nations to take up staff appointments at NATO HQ, to work • in an international capacity for the common interests of the • Alliance rather than on behalf of their nation. • The IMS supports the work of the Military Committee, preparing • and following up its decisions, and is actively involved in the • process of cooperation with the countries of central and eastern • Europe under the Partnership for Peace initiative. • Coordination of staff action, and controlling the flow of • information both within the IMS and between the IMS and other • parts of NATO HQ, is the responsibility of the Executive • Coordinator located within the Office of the Director of the IMS • (DIMS). The Executive Director and his staff provides secretarial • support to the MC as well as procedural advice. The DIMS is also • supported by five Assistant Directors, each of whom heads a • separate functional division. • The NATO Situation Centre assists the NAC, the DPC and the • MC in fulfilling their respective functions in the field of • consultation. It serves as the focal point within the Alliance for • the receipt, exchange, and dissemination of political, military • and economic information. It monitors political, military, and • economic matters of interests to NATO and NATO member • countries on a 24 hour basis. INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF: version 2

20. INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF (5) DIRECTOR IMS PUBLIC INFORMATION ADVISOR PERSONNEL SUPPORT ACTIVITIES LEGAL OFFICER FINANCIAL CONTROLLER SITCEN COOPERATION & REGIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE LOGISTICS, ARMAMENTS AND RESOURCES OPERATIONS PLANS AND POLICY NHQC3S version 2

21. II. MILITARY ORGANISATIONS:Partner Country Representation (6) • Partner Country Representation: • Since 1997, Partner Countries have established permanent diplomatic missions at NATO Headquarters. • Military links with partner nations are being further strengthened by the establishment of “Partnership for Peace Staff Elements”. • Currently eight of these elements, which consist of officers from NATO AND PFP countries, are located within the IMS at NATO HQ and at the first and second levels of the NATO integrated command structure. version 2

22. II. MILITARY ORGANISATIONS: MILTARY FORCES (7) MILITARY FORCES: ORGANIZATIONAL CATEGORIES MAIN DEFENCE FORCES REACTION FORCES AUGMENTATION FORCES IMMEDIATE REACTION FORCES RAPID REACTION FORCES version 2

23. II. MILITARY ORGANISATIONS: ALLIED COMMAND EUROPE (8) MILITARY FORCES: ALLIED COMMAND EUROPE (ACE) ALLIED FORCES NORTH EUROPE (AFNORTH, Brunssum, NE.) ALLIED FORCES SOUTH EUROPE (AFSOUTH, Naples, Italy) • TWO COMPONENT COMMANDS: • ALLIED AIR FORCES NORTH • (RAMSTEIN,GERMANY) • ALLIED NAVAL FORCES NORTH • (NORTHWOOD, UNITED KINGDOM) • TWO COMPONENT COMMANDS: • ALLIED AIR FORCES SOUTH • (NAPLES, ITALY) • ALLIED NAVAL FORCES SOUTH • (NAPLES, ITALY) • FOUR JOINT SUB-REGIONAL COMMANDS: • JOINT COMMAND SOUTH • (VERONA, ITALY) • JOINT COMMAND SOUTHCENTRE • (LARISSA,GREECE) • JOINT COMMAND SOUTHEAST • (IZMIR, TURKEY) • JOINT COMMAND SOUTHWEST • (MADRID, SPAIN) • THREE JOINT SUB-REGIONAL COMMANDS: • JOINT COMMAND CENTRE • (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) • JOINT COMMAND NORTHEAST • (KARUP, DENMARK) • JOINT COMMAND NORTH • (STAVANGER, NORWAY) version 2

24. II. MILITARY ORGANISATIONS: ALLIED COMMAND ATLANTIC(9) MILITARY FORCES: ALLIED COMMAND ATLANTIC (ACLANT) REGIONAL HQ, SOUTHERN ALANTIC(RHQ SOUTHLANT, LISBON, PORTUGAL) REGIONAL HQ, WESTERN ATLANTIC(RHQ WESTLANT, NORKOLK, VA) REGIONAL HQ, EASTERN ATLANTIC (RHQ EASTLANT, Northwood, UK) STRIKING FLEET ALANTIC(STRIKFLTLANT) SUBMARINE ALLIED COMMAND ATLANTIC(SUBACLANT) STANDING NAVAL FORCE ALANTIC(STANAVORLANT) SACLANT Undersea Research Centre (La Spezia, Italy) version 2

25. III. THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS: AN INTRODUCTION (1) • How does NATO conduct its business? • How does consultation work? • Where are decisions made? • Who makes NATO policies? • What is the role of the Secretary General? • How do you take decisions without voting on them? • What part do parliaments play? • How does the Committee structure work? version 2

26. III. THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS (2) • The Place for Decision Making • The Decision Makers • The Role of the Secretary General version 2

27. III. THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS (3) • How do take decisions without voting on them? • The role of Parliaments • The Committee Structure version 2

28. IV. THE DEFENSE DIMENSION: NATO DEFENCE PLANNING (1) version 2

29. IV. DEFENCE PLANNING: AN INTRODUCTION (2) The Defense Dimension of the Alliance remains indispensable and contributes to the maintenance of stability in Europe as well as to crisis management. The maintenance of an adequate military capability and clear preparedness to act collectively in the common defense remain central to the Alliance’s security objectives. The framework for NATO’s defense planning is provided by the underlying principles which are the basis for collective security as a whole. In determining the size and nature of their contribution to collective defense, member countries retain full sovereignty and independence of action. Nevertheless, the nature of NATO’s defense structure requires that in reaching their individual decisions, member countries take into account the overall needs of the Alliance. version 2

30. IV. DEFENCE PLANNING: AN INTRODUCTION (3) Therefore, they follow agreed defense planning procedures which provide the methodology and machinery for: - determining the forces needed for the implementation of Alliance policies, - coordinating national defense plans and - establishing force planning goals which are in the interests of the Alliance as a whole. A single, coherent and streamlined process ensures that NATO continues to develop the forces and capabilities needed to conduct the full range of Alliance missions. version 2

31. IV. NATO DEFENCE PLANNING (4) NUCLEAR PLANNING C2 PLANNING LOGISTICS PLANNING NATO DEFENCE PLANNING ARMAMENTS PLANNING RESOURCESPLANNING FORCE PLANNING version 2

32. IV. DEFENCE PLANNING: THE FRAMEWORK (5) • Defence Planning is a single, coherent and streamlined process that ensures that NATO continues to develop forces and capabilities needed to conduct the full range of Alliance missions. • The starting point for Defence Planning is the Alliance’s Strategic Concept which sets out in broad terms Alliance objectives and the means of achieving them. THE STRATEGIC CONCEPT ANNUAL DEFENCE REVIEW MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE NATO FORCE GOALS version 2

33. IV. DEFENCE PLANNING: MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE (6) • Detailed guidance issues by Defence Ministers every • two years in a document know as • “ MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE ” • The Ministerial guidance provides guidance on Defence • Planning in general and Force Planning in particular: • Conventional and Nuclear Forces • Resources • Planning guidance for NATO military authorities • as well as the nations: • Force planning and armaments • Crisis management and peacekeeping • Partnership for Peace • Longer term priorities and special guidance MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE version 2

34. IV. DEFENCE PLANNING: FORCE GOALS (7) • Specific planning targets for the armed forces of each member country known as “FORCE GOALS” are developed. • These targets generally cover a six year period but are updated every two years • Force Goal Cycle: • Strategic Commanders develop Force Proposals; • BI-lateral consultations with nations; • Joint screening with the IS and IMS; • Multilateral Military Committee consideration; • Military Committee Force Proposals; • Defence Review Committee multilateral meetings to develop draft Force Goals; • Approval by Defence Ministers in the Defence Planning Committee NATO FORCE GOALS version 2

35. IV. DEFENCE PLANNING: ANNUAL DEFENCE REVIEW (8) • Annual Defence Review objectives: • Assess each nation’s overall defence plans; • Assess actual Force Goal implementation by nations; • Assess the overall forces -- levels, structure, readiness, modernization, • strategic capabilities, peace support and major capability shortfalls; • The results serve as one of the foundations for the next • NATO Force Goal cycle and Annual Defence Review. • Methodology: • Defence Planning Questionnaire (DPQ); • International Staff prepares Country Chapters; • Strategic Commanders prepare assessments; • Trilateral meetings between the NATO staffs and individual nations; • Defence Review Committee multilateral meetings. • Results in the “General Report” which when approved by the • Defence Ministers, provides the basis for NATO Defence • Planning over a five year time frame. ANNUAL DEFENCE REVIEW version 2

36. IV. Defence Planning: The PfP Planning and Review Process (PARP) (9) TO BE MORE LIKE NATO FORCE PLANNING PROCESS BIENNIAL PROCESS (6 YEAR PLANNING PERIOD) PfP PLANNING AND REVIEW PROCESS ADVANCES INTEROPERABILITY VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION version 2

37. KAZ ALB AZE BUL ARM AUS GEO RUS KYR ST SWI TUM FIN UZB MOL LIT LAT SVK SVN SWE UKR IV. Defence Planning: PARP Participation in 2001 (10) PARTICIPATING NOT PARTICIPATING BLR E CRO FYROM IRL ROM version 2

38. IV. Defence Planning: PARP Milestones (11) Autumn 99 Autumn 2000 Spring 2001 Spring 99 Spring 2000 Partnership Goals Assessments Assessments Consolidated Report Consolidated Report Summary Report Ministerial Guidance Ministerial Guidance version 2

39. IV. Defence Planning: PARP Survey and Assessment (12) • STATEMENT OF DEFENCE • & FINANCIAL POLICY • STATEMENT OF POLICY ON PfP AREAS OF • COOPERATION: • CONSTITUTIONAL • LEGAL • POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS • DOCTRINE • COMMAND • ARRANGEMENTS • CURRENT & PLANNED • COMMITMENTS • EXERCISE (EX) • TRAINING (TNG) • FACILITIES (FAC) • STATEMENT OF FORCES • FOR OPNS/TNG/EX SURVEY OF OVERALL INTEROPERABILITY RESPONSES PROVIDED BY PARP NATIONS TO NATO FACTORS • READINESS • AVAILABILITY • SUSTAINABILITY • TRANSPORTABILITY • C ³ CAPABILITY version 2

40. IV.: Defence Planning: The PARP Consolidated Report (13) CONSOLIDATED REPORT • SUMMARY OF • EACH ASSESSMENT • NATO PfP POLICY • COMMITMENTS AND • CAPABILITIES APPROVED BY PERMREPS AND THEN BRIEFED TO DEFENCE/FOREIGN MINISTERS version 2

41. IV. Defence Planning: Summary of the NATO Force Planning Cycle (14) MAY 97 DEC 97 MAY 98 DEC 98 MAY 99 DEC 99 MAY 00 DEC 00 MAY 01 FORCE GOALS FORCE PROPOSALS/FORCE GOALS DEFENCE REVIEW DEFENCE REVIEW UPDATE DEFENCE REVIEW FORCE GOALS FORCE GOALS MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE SUMMARY REPORT SUMMARY REPORT DEFENCE REVIEW UPDATE FULL DEFENCE REVIEW DEFENCE REVIEW UPDATE FULL DEFENCE REVIEW GENERAL REPORT GENERAL REPORT GENERAL REPORT GENERAL REPORT MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE PARTNERSHIP GOALS ASSESSMENTS S U R V E Y S R U E R S V P E O Y N S E S ASSESSMENTS S U R V E Y S R U E R S V P E O Y N S E s ASSESSMENTS CONSOLIDATED REPORT CONSOLIDATED REPORT ----------------------------------------- PARP MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE PARTNERSHIP GOALS CONSOLIDATED REPORT ----------------------------------------- PARP MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE SUMMARY REPORT version 2 EXPANDED AND ADAPTED PARP