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AP Human Geography Basics

Everything else you need to know from Unit 1. AP Human Geography Basics. Situation identifies a place by its location relative to other objects.

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AP Human Geography Basics

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  1. Everything else you need to know from Unit 1. AP Human Geography Basics

  2. Situation identifies a place by its location relative to other objects. Situation helps us find an unfamiliar place by comparing its location with a familiar one and helps us understand the importance of a location, e.g. because it is accessible to other places. Site identifies a place by its unique physical characteristics, e.g. climate, water resources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude and elevation. Situation v. Site

  3. Site:Lower Manhattan Island Site of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.

  4. Situation: Singapore Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade

  5. Spatial analysis is concerned with analyzing regularities achieved through interaction. • Regularities result in a distinctive distribution of a feature. • Distribution has three properties: • Density • Concentration • Pattern How Do Geographers Address Where Things Are?

  6. Arithmetic density – the total number of objects (or people) in an area (e.g. houses per acre) Physiological density – the number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture Agricultural density – the number of farmers per unit area of farmland Density

  7. Concentration – the extent to which a feature (or population) is spread over space • Clustered • Dispersed • Pattern – the geometric arrangement of objects (or population) in space Concentration and Pattern

  8. The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may vary in an area or landscape. Distribution:Density, Concentration, & Pattern

  9. The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007

  10. The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment by choosing a course of action from among many alternatives in the physical environment. • Human-Environment Interaction Possibilism

  11. Environmental Determinism – the environment determines the fate of its human population Environmental Possibilism – the environment influences the possibilities of its human population Environmental Determinism & Possibilism

  12. Determinism states that the environment limits and controls humanity's actions and progressions. Conversely, possibilism argues that man can control his surroundings through better time management and land-use. As an intermediate theory, probabilism recognizes the limiting ability described with determinism yet allows for the modification and adaptation strengths noted by possibilism Determinism, Possibilism & Probabilism

  13. The idea that the environment has a causal effect on human culture; such beliefs prevailed up to the early 20th century Environmental determinism could explain similarities across culture areas Theorized by Friedrich Ratzel Environmental determinism

  14. Also called cultural relativism Environment was only important in limiting possibilities in a culture Immediate cause of cultural features was other cultural features Cultures choose from alternatives, with the environment determining the range of alternatives Theorized by Franz Boas Environmental Possibilism

  15. Spatial interaction – the interdependence among places established through the degree of movement of people, ideas and objects between regions Diffusion – involves the movement of people, ideas and information between places, e.g. a “hearth” is an area where an innovation originates and then typically diffuses to another region Why Can Two Regions Display Similar Characteristics?

  16. Diffusion – the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time. • Interaction results from the diffusion of a feature. • Types of diffusion • Relocation diffusion (bodily movement) • Expansion diffusion (through snowballing) • Hierarchical diffusion (from a node) • Contagious diffusion (widespread) • Stimulus diffusion (underlying principles) Diffusion

  17. Models of Diffusion

  18. Expansion Diffusion • Ideas spread throughout a population from area to area. • Creates a snowballing effect • Relocation Diffusion • Relocation diffusion occurs when individuals migrate to a new location carrying new ideas or practices with them • Religion is prime example

  19. Stimulus Diffusion • The spread of an underlying principle, even though the characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. • IBM/Windows-based computers outsell Apple computers worldwide. • But the Apple-initiated concepts of the mouse and the icon have become the standard of the industry.

  20. Ripples on a pond. Acceptance of an innovation is strongest where it originated. Acceptance weakens as it is diffused farther away. Acceptance also weakens over time. Time-Distance Decay Factor

  21. Space-Time Compression, 1492-1962 Space-time compression is the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place.

  22. Space-Time Compression in AmericaAirline Networks

  23. In the 1950s it took nearly 8 and a half hours to fly from New York to Los Angeles. Today it takes less than 5. In the 1840s it took 6 months to travel overland from St. Louis to Los Angeles. Today you can make the trip in less than 24 hours Travel Times

  24. Distance: there isn’t a unique concept of distance, because the real world presents a mixture of different types of distances (economic, physical, etc.) Distance could be considered as the actual space travelled on a certain trip, and it could be expressed in time, in economical cost, in cultural terms, etc. Distance

  25. Great Circle Routes. Shortest path between any two points on the surface of the Earth. A great circle is a circle on a sphere's surface whose plane is passing exactly through the center of the sphere. A great line follows the curvature of the Earth => it forms a curved line rather than a straight one. The line between New York and London as shown in the adjacent illustration lays on a great circle. The Great Circle Distance

  26. Places are separated by absolute distance and by time. • With improvements in communication systems and methods of transport, this time-distance diminishes • The space/time convergence process investigates the changing relationship between space and time, and notably the impacts of transportation improvements on such a relationship. Space/Time Convergence

  27. Space / Time Convergence of the World Transport System 1500-1840 Average speed of wagon and sail ships: 16 km/hr 1850-1930 Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr. Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr 1950 Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/hr 1970 Average speed of jet planes: 800-1120 km/hr 1990 Numeric transmission: instantaneous

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