Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech

2. Parts of Speech • In the English language, words are used in EIGHT different ways: • Noun • Pronoun • Verb • Adjective • Adverb • Preposition • Conjunction • Interjection

3. Nouns • A noun is a word that names something: a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. • governor • Oregon • hospital • Buddhism • love

4. Proper Nouns • Proper- names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns are ALWAYS capitalized. • Jackie Robinson • World Series • Christianity • Christmas

5. Common Nouns • Common- names a general person place or thing; not capitalized. • person • woman • president • park • baseball • government

6. Practice: Underline the nouns in the following sentences. • The wedding was beautiful. • The bride and groom gazed into one another’s eyes. • The flowers perfectly complimented the bride’s hair. • Too bad the groom threw up on the bride’s dress.

7. PRONOUNS

8. Pronouns • A pronoun takes the place of a noun, like “they “ for children, and “she” for Shelly. School House Rocks

9. Antecedents • All pronouns have antecedents. An antecedent is the noun that the pronoun refers to or replaces. • Tim threw his glove over the fence. Then he jumped over and kicked it to his car. • Tim is the antecedent for “his” and “he,” while glove is the antecedent for “it.”

10. Practice • Circle the antecedent in the following sentences. • The student forgot his homework in his car. • The homework was important. It was worth the final project for the class. • The student was glad he had not squandered his bathroom/hall passes.

11. Person The person of a pronoun indicates whether the person, place, thing, or idea represented by the pronoun is speaking, is spoken to, or is spoken about. First person is used in place of the name of the speaker or speakers. I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Third person pronouns name the person or thing spoken about. He, she, it, one, they, him, his, her, them, their, theirs, hers Second Person pronouns name the person or persons spoken to. You, your, yours

12. practice • Is the pronoun in the following sentence in first, second, or third person? • I love to read books. • They plunged down the steep embankment. • You are a funny person. • He doesn’t seem guilty. • We removed our shoes on the beach.

13. VerbIt’s what you do . . .

14. Verbs are the part of speech that express action or being. According to A Writer’s Reference: Sixth Edition

15. ACTION! • There are two types of verbs. • Action Verbs (swimming) • Linking Verbs (was) • Action verbs express action. • Linking verbs express being.

16. Linking v. Action Sam is getting married. Sam married my sister.

17. What is being expressed: action/being? The cat catches mice. ____________________ Repetition does not always produce perfection. ________________ Rome was not built in a day. ____________________ The best fish swim near the bottom. ____________________ Miss America is beautiful. ____________________

18. Under what condition How many Adjectives& Adverbs When Which one Why What kind How Where To what extent

19. Adverbs questions Adjectives What kind Which one How many How When Where Why Under what conditions To what degree

20. Adjectives • Modify or Describe nouns • Answers which one, what kind, how many • The lame elephant (which elephant?) • Valuable old stamps (what kind of stamps?) • Sixteen candles (how many candles?)

21. Adverbs • Adverbs modify: • verbs (swim quickly) • adjectives (always sad) • other adverbs (tooquickly) • Adverbs often end in –ly. The negators “not” and “never” are classified as adverbs.

22. What question does the adverb answer? Pull gently at a weak rope. _____________________ Read the best books first. _____________________ The students are talking too loudly. _____________________

23. Tell whether the following are adjectives or adverbs: • The boat drifted peacefully down the river. ________________ • Afterward, we watched a movie. ________________ • The children enjoyed singing the silly songs. ________________ • Jennifer smiled shyly at the students in her new class. ________________ • The old man snored quietly in the waiting room. ________________ ________________ ________________ • Two hundred voters came to the polls. ________________

24. Adjectives and adverbs both describe! • Adjectives describe nouns. • Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

25. SCHOOL HOUSE ROCKS Prepositions They’re everywhere…

26. Prepositions • Prepositions are used in sentences to show relationships between other words. • They give extra information or details. • I love going to the movies.

27. Prepositions The most common prepositions are:

28. Prepositions • Prepositions do not stand alone in a sentence. They “join” with other words to make a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. • A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, an object (noun/pronoun), plus any words that modify the object. • IN THE MALL • ON THE WALL

29. FUNCTION: • Prepositional phrases act like adjectives or adverbs—they DESCRIBE. • Along the beach • Under the table • After the preposition, ask, “What?” to find the object. • In the morning • To the doctor • I will get a drink of water. Prepositions

30. Examples • Underline the preposition in each phrase, circle the object, highlight the modifiers: • Along the beach • Under the table • Beneath the beautiful yet aged face • In her own time • After the close game

31. NOTE: A preposition is always followed by an object; if there is no object, the word is an adverb, not a preposition. Example: Turn at the light beforeWalmart. Natasha never played soccer before.

32. Place [brackets] around each prepositional phrase. Underline the preposition and circle the object. Captain America loves punching Nazis in the face. Beneath the water, the terrible creature feasted on his favorite meal—children’s cough syrup. He was late because of numerous things, but mostly the ninja attack.

33. INTERJECTION

34. Interjection • A word that shows strong emotion or surprise. • Oh no! • Yipes! • Good grief! • Well, . . . • Interjections are usually followed by an exclamation point, but not always.

35. Practice • Fill in the blanks with an appropriate interjection. • ______________! I forgot my homework! • Will you marry me? __________! • _______________! I can’t believe I won the lottery!

36. Conjunctions “Conjunction, junction, what’s your function?”

37. Conjunctions • Conjunctions are CONNECTING words. They join together different clauses, phrases, and ideas in a sentence. • There are four main types of conjunctions: • Coordinating Conjunctions • Subordinating Conjunctions • Correlative Conjunctions • Conjunctive Adverb

38. Coordinating Conjunctions For And Nor But Or Yet So • Coordinating Conjunctions are connectives that join elements of equal rank (and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, while). • Coordinating conjunctions can join anything of equal rank. • Clauses • Phrases • Ideas • Clause: I love watching football, but I would prefer to play. • Ideas: I love football and basketball.

39. Coordinating Conjunctions • Equal rank= they can join independent clauses, ONLY when preceded with a comma. Practice: I wanted to play outside but it was raining. Apples and oranges are my favorite fruits.

40. Subordinate ConjunctionsAKA “subordinators” • Subordinating Conjunctions connect clauses that are not equal in rank – that is, in sentences which one idea is made subordinate to another. • These subordinate clauses are also called dependent clauses because they cannot stand alone. Common subordinators are as follows:

41. Subordinators (cont.) • Use a comma when a subordinator is used for an introductory clause. • You do not need to use a comma if the clause comes at the end of the sentence. Examples: When we get home, I will take out the trash. Mom said I had to because it was causing the house to smell.

42. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative Conjunctions are also used to connect equal parts of sentences. These paired conjunctions (both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also) actually work as one. Example: Not only are we going to St. Louis to watch the game, but we are also going to visit the zoo.

43. Conjunctive Adverbs • Conjunctive Adverbs are other connective or transitional words. The most common are: • Conjunctive adverbs must be preceded by a semi-colon (;) and followed by a comma. Jack loved Jill; nevertheless, he didn’t need help carrying the water up the hill.

44. PRACTICE In the following sentences, insert the correct punctuation and tell what kind of conjunction the underlined word is. • The girl and the boy were on time. • Because he did not study, he did poorly on the test. • You can leave now or you can leave later. • Eithermy ACT or SAT scores should earn me a scholarship. • Jack however doesn’t feel well enough to go tonight. • John not only wanted to take pre-med courses but he also wanted to play on the varsity football team. • I understand your anger howeverI hope you can forgive me. • He may not get better howeverif he does he may go anyway. • John hated physics class but he needed the credit to graduate. • Untilshe saw the letter she did not believe she had been admitted to college.