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New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769 Crash Course: Spanish Exploration & Colonization

New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769 Crash Course: Spanish Exploration & Colonization. The Shaping of North. America 225 million years ago, the earth was a single super-continent called Pangaea

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New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769 Crash Course: Spanish Exploration & Colonization

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  1. NewWorld Beginnings 33,000 B.C.– A.D.1769 Crash Course: Spanish Exploration & Colonization

  2. TheShapingofNorth • America • 225millionyearsago,theearthwasa singlesuper-continentcalledPangaea • Asthecontinentalplatesshifted,the7 continentsandtheoceanswereformedinbetween

  3. ContinentalDrift

  4. TheShapingofNorth • America • Astheearth'scrustshiftedandfolded,mountainrangesformedacrosstheAmericancontinent • 350millionyears ago,theAppalachianMountainswereformed • Morerecently,135million–25millionyearsago,theRockies,SierraNevadas,Cascades,andCostRangeswereformed

  5. TheShapingofNorth America By10millionyearsago,theNorthAmerican  • continentasweknowithadbeenformed • The“tidewater”narroweasterncoastalplaincrisscrossedbymanyrivervalleys • TheAppalachianMountains,worndownbyerosion • ThemidcontinentalbasinfromtheAppalachians,acrosstheMississippiRiver Valley, totheRockyMountains • The intermountainGreatBasin,betweentheRockiesandtheSierraandCascademountainranges • Thewesterncoastalareas,with3largerivervalleys(Sacramento,SanJoaquin,andWillamette-PugetSound)

  6. ClimatologicalandCulture RegionsofNorthAmerica

  7. TheShapingofNorth • America • About2millionyearsago,icecoveredNorthAmericaduringtheGreatIceAge, • ExtendedtothePennsylvania-Ohio-Dakotas-PacificNorthwestline • TheglaciersfinallyretreatedfromNorthAmericaabout10,000yearsago • Lakesandlanddeformationswereleft

  8. IceExtentDuringtheLastIceAge

  9. PeoplingtheAmericas TheGreatIce Age led to:  • Muchoftheworld’soceansmeltedintomassiveglaciers,loweringsealevels • Landbridgebecame accessibleacrossBeringSea(betweenSiberiaandAlaska) • SmallbandsofAsiannomadichunters(probablyfollowinggame)cameacrosslandbridgeandpeopledAmericas • 10,000yearsago–IceAgeended;landbridgefloodedbyrisingsealevels • BarredfutureimmigrationfromAsia • Evidencealso suggeststhatsomegroupscameinboats.  

  10. Routesofthe 1stAmericans

  11. PeoplingtheAmericas 35,000yearsago–A.D.1492–migrating  • peoplesexploredandsettledallofAmericas • TipofSouthAmerica15,000milesfromSiberia • 1492–54millionpeoplelivedinAmericas (NorthandSouth) • 2,000tribeswithseparatelanguages,customs,religions,waysoflife • Estimatesrangefrom8millionupto110million people 

  12. PeoplingtheAmericas Advancedcivilizations  • IncasinPeru • AztecsinMexico • Mayas in the Yucatan Peninsula • Agriculturalsocieties(Maize–Indiancorn) • No draftanimals(horseoroxen) • Nowheel • Builtelaboratecitiesandlong-distancetrade • Accurateastronomicalobservationsbyskilled mathematicians • Aztecsofferedhumansacrificesbycuttingoutheartsoflivingvictims

  13. TheAztec andInca,c.1500

  14. AztecPriestHoldingHeartfrom HumanSacrifice

  15. TheEarliestAmericans 5,000BC–hunter-gatherersinMexico  developedwildgrassintocorn CorncultivationspreadacrossAmericas  • Transformednomadichuntinglifetosettled agriculturallife • The arrivalofcornexplainsratesofdevelopmentofdifferentNativeAmericanpeoples

  16. MethodsofSubsistenceintheEarlyAmericas

  17. TheEarliestAmericans • PueblocultureinUSSouthwest • 1,200BC–excellent farmers of corn • Constructedelaborateirrigationnetworks • Livedinmulti-storiedbuildings • Buildings made of adobe • “pueblo”meansvillageinSpanish

  18. PuebloIndians

  19. TheEarliestAmericans • NorthAmericanIndians • North and East of the Pueblo was lessdeveloped • NodenseconcentrationsofIndiansinsocialgroupsornation-states(Aztecs) • ExplainseaseofconquestbyEuropeans

  20. TheEarliestAmericans • AdvancedsocietiesinNorthAmerica • Begancultivatingcornin1st millenniumAD • Disappearedaround1300AD(possiblybecauseofdrought) • MoundBuildersinOhioRiverValley • Mississippianculture • AnasaziinSouthwest

  21. TheEarliestAmericans • IndiansinSoutheast • “three-sister”farming • Cultivatedmaizewithbeansandsquash • HighestpopulationdensitiesinNorthAmerica • Creek,Choctaw,Cherokeepeoples

  22. TheEarliestAmericans • Iroquois • Northeasternwoodlands • 1500s–IroquoisConfederacy • LedbygreatleadernamedHiawatha • Similar in organization tothe nation-statesofAztecsandIncainNorthAmerica • StrongmilitaryalliancethatwasthreattootherIndiansandinvadingEuropeans

  23. Locations of SelectedNativeAmericaand Peoples, a.d.1500

  24. TheEarliestAmericans Indianlife  • Mostlivedinsmall,scattered,impermanentsettlements • Womentendedcropswhilemenhunted,fished,gatheredfuel,andclearedfields • WomenhadmuchmorepowerthaninEuropeancultures • SomeIndiansdevelopedmatrilinealcultures(powerandpossessionspasseddownthefemalesideofthefamilyline)

  25. AnIndian(Iroquois)Village

  26. TheEarliestAmericans Indianviewoftheearth  • Indiansreveredthephysicalworldandendowed naturewithspiritualproperties • Nodesiretochangetheland • AlthoughsomeIndiansdidsometimesignitemassive forestfirestocreatebetterhuntinghabitats • Europeansbelievedhumanshaddominionovertheearth • Usedtechnologyto changelandtosuitthem • Muchland,especiallyinNorthAmerica,remained untouchedbyIndians

  27. IndirectDiscoverersofthe NewWorld Norse(Viking)discoverers  • 1000AD–reachedshoresofNorthAmerica • LandedinNewfoundland • NorsecalledtheplaceVinlandforitswildgrapes • Nostrongnation-state,seekingexpansion,supportedNorsediscoveries • Weaksettlements soon abandoned • DiscoveriesforgottenexceptinScandinavianlegend

  28. VikingSettlement andTrade

  29. IndirectDiscoverersofthe • NewWorld • Christiancrusaders • 1100s–1300s–EuropeanChristianwarriorssailedtoPalestinetotake“HolyLand”fromMuslimrulers • FailedinconqueringMuslims

  30. TheCrusades

  31. IndirectDiscoverersofthe NewWorld ExpandedtradewithAsia  • Crusadersopenedtraderoutestoeast • Silk,newdrugs,perfumes,spices(sugar) • VeryexpensivetotransportgoodsfromAsia • TransportedlongdistancesfromSpiceIslands (Indonesia),China,andIndia • Searoutes–creakyshipsthroughIndianOcean, PersianGulf,andRedSea • Landroutes–caravanroutesoverAsiaorArabianPeninsula;Muslimmiddlementooklargecutofprofits • Europeanseagerforalternatesupplyroutes

  32. TradeRouteswiththeEast

  33. EuropeansEnterAfrica • 1295–MarcoPoloreturnedfrom20yearsinChina • Toldstories(andwroteabook)of adventures • Evidencethathe wasactuallyinChinais weak • StimulatedEuropeaninterestincheaperroutetoEast

  34. MarcoMarcoPoloPoloandandthetheMongolianMongolianEmpire,Empire,c.c.13001300MarcoMarcoPoloPoloandandthetheMongolianMongolianEmpire,Empire,c.c.13001300

  35. MarcoPoloArrivinginChina

  36. EuropeansEnterAfrica 1450–Portuguese2breakthroughsinsailing  • Before–Europeansailorsrefusedtosail southwardalongcoastofWestAfrica • Couldnotsailback(north)againstwindandcurrents (bothflowingfromnorthtosouth) • 1.Caravel–shipthatcouldsailmorecloselyinto(against)thewind • 2.DiscoveredtheycouldsailbacktoEuropebysailingnorthwesttoAzores(islandsoffcoastofSpain)andthentoEurope • BreezesfromAzoreswouldtakeshipstoEurope

  37. PortugueseExploration AlongtheAfricanCoast

  38. AFifteenthCenturyCaravel

  39. EuropeansEnterAfrica • Sub-SaharanAfricanowopentoEuropeans • OnlynorthernAfrica(aboveSahara)hadbeenexploredbefore • PortuguesesetuptradingpostsalongAfricanshores,tradinggoldand slaves

  40. EuropeansEnterAfrica • SlaverybeforeEuropeans • ArabsandAfricanshadtradedslavesforcenturies • Conqueredpeoplesweresold • InhibitedAfricanculturesandtribalidentities • Divideduppeoplesofsametribestopreventrebellion

  41. EuropeansEnterAfrica EarlyslaveryundertheEuropeans  • Becamebigbusinesses • EuropeanneedforslavesmuchgreaterthanAraborAfricanneed • 40,000 takenin2nd halfof1400s • Originsofmodernplantationsystem • Large-scalecommercialagriculture • Exploitationofslavelabor • Portugal(andlaterSpain) builtsugarplantationsoff the coast ofAfrica • MillionstakenafterdiscoveryofAmericas

  42. EuropeansEnterAfrica • PortuguesepushedfurthersouthwardalongAfricancoast • 1488–BartholomeuDiasroundedsoutherntipofAfrica • 1498–VascodeGamareachedIndia • Europeansnamedunknownland“Indies” • Returnedhomewithsmall(buttempting)cargoofjewelsandspices

  43. PortugueseExploration AlongtheAfricanCoast

  44. EuropeansEnterAfrica • 1400s–Spainunited • MuslimsMoors are expelledfromSpainby1492 • Unityachievedbymarriageof2monarchs • FerdinandofAragon(easternSpain) • IsabellaofCastile(westernSpain) • SpaineagertoexpandtocompetewithPortuguese • LookedtowestbecauseofPortuguese dominanceofeast(aroundAfrica)

  45. Conquest of the Moors

  46. ColumbusComesupona NewWorld EventsleadinguptodiscoveryofNewWorld  Europeanswantedmore(cheaper)productsfrom  Asia Portuguesedemonstratedfeasibilityoflong-range voyages Spain–modernnation-statetookshapewithunity,wealth,powertoexplorefarawayplacesRenaissance(beganin1300s)gaveEuropeans Adventurousspiritandthirstforknowledge Printingpress (1450)allowedspreadofknowledge Mariner’scompassinvented(BorrowedfromArabs)      

  47. ColumbusComesupona • NewWorld • ChristopherColumbus • ItaliansailorpersuadedFerdinand andIsabellatogivehim3ships • SearchedforwestwardroutetoIndies(Asia) • Sailedfor6weeks • October12,1492–reachedislandintheBahamas

  48. ChristopherColumbus

  49. ColumbusComesupona NewWorld Columbus’historicaldiscovery  • Did not account for hugelandbarrierbetweenEuropeandAsia • Columbusbelievedhehadlandedin“Indies”(Asia) • Callednatives“Indians” • Fordecadesafter,explorerstriedtosailaroundAmericatogettoAsia • Realizedtheywereexploringanew continent

  50. Columbus’ViewoftheWorld

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