Colonization of the New World

1. Colonization of the New World

3. Map Activity • Students you will create a map that depicts the area that Europeans established from your prior knowledge.

4. The Spanish • 1565 established a permanent settlement at St. Augustine, Florida. • Santa Fe was established as the capital of New Mexico in 1609. • In response to Russian exploration from Alaska, the Spanish established permanent settlement at San Diego in 1769 and San Francisco in 1776. (California)

5. The French • French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada • Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America • Develop a fur trade

6. Explorers Sailing For France • Cartier - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535 • Samuel de Champlain - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608

7. European Colonization The Dutch • Dutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements • Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River • New Amsterdam (becomes New York) is an extension of the Dutch global trade system • Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans

8. Explorers Sailing For The Netherlands • Henry Hudson - English sailing for the Dutch - Searching for Northwest Passage - Claimed Hudson River - Settlers established New Netherlands (New York) - 1609

9. English Settlement • The English defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588, -major naval power. • population in England was growing, Many poor and landless people decided to venture to America for a new opportunity.

10. The Founding of Jamestown, Virginia • Dec. 1606, 3 small ships (Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery) left the England carrying 105 men and boys; which sailed more than 4 months across the Atlantic. • The voyage was financed ($) by a group of private investors known as the Virginia Company of London. • The goal of the investors was to establish a colony, convert Native Americans to Christianity, and return a considerable profit of gold.

11. The Founding of Jamestown, Virginia In 1607 the colonists chose a marshy location 40 mi. up the James River (named for King James I) as the site for the new colony, and called it Jamestown. Reason for Jamestown location: 1. suitable area to trade with Native Americans (N.A.) 2. good vantage point for guarding against an attack by the Spanish.

12. Jamestown Settlement

13. Jamestown What are the negative and positive consequences for establishing the settlement on the river? What is important to the Jamestown settlement?

14. Problems in Jamestown Great Hardship occurred 1. illness 2. lack of food and fresh water 3. skirmishes with Native Americans 4. misguided hunt for gold 5. discontent among the settlers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssS6UoBoiuc By January 1608, only 38 of the original settlers remained alive.

15. Problems in Jamestown • The settlement’s location in a swampy area along the James River resulted in outbreaks of dysentery and malaria, diseases that were fatal to many. • Many settlers were gentlemen and were not accustomed to physical labor. • Others were gold seeking adventurers who refused to hunt or farm. Food supplies dwindled to almost nothing, and the colonists nearly starved. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssS6UoBoiuc

16. The Founding of Jamestown, Virginia In 1609, the Virginia Company of London became a joint –stock company. The British crown granted shareholders substantial control over the colony. More settlers arrived to Jamestown hoping to find their fortunes. From 1609-1610, the “starving time,” the colony almost perished.

17. Tobacco Prosperity • For almost 2 years,the people lived and worked in Jamestown under the leadership of Capt. John Smith. • Smith forged a friendship with Powhatan, the powerful chief of the Algonquian empire. • Smith also gained friendship of Powhatan daughter Pocahontas. • The NA offered supplies needed by the colony. • Through the forceful leadership of Captain John Smith and the establishment of a tobacco industry by John Rolfe, Jamestown colony survived.

18. Powhatan Village

19. Tobacco Prosperity • How did slavery come to the British colonies? • The growing of tobacco on Jamestown’s plantations required a large labor force. At first indentured servants were used. • An indentured servant was a person (usually young man) who, in exchange for free transportation to a colony, was obligated to work on plantation for a certain number of years. • a few Africans became indentured servants, the Virginia tobacco growers began to employ a combination of both forced labor (slavery) and free labor (indentured servitude).

20. Transition to a royal colony • The bankrupt company’s charter was revoked in 1624, and the colony, now known as Virginia, came under the direct control of King James I. • Virginia became England’s first royal colony. (a colony under the direct rule of a King or queen). • How did Jamestown lose its charter?

22. Puritan colonies • Religion motivated the settlement of both Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay . • Both were settled by English Protestants who were influenced by John Calvin's teachings, • Founded by Henry VIII in the early 1500s, the Church of England, or Anglican Church, was Protestant in that it was under the control of the English monarch, not the Pope. . • In the Early 1600s, during the reign of James I, many people wanted to “purify” their church of Catholic influences, they became known as Puritans. • James viewed the Puritans as a threat to both his religious and political authority and ordered some of them arrested and jailed.

23. The Plymouth Colony • One group of Puritans rejected the idea of reforming the Church of England. This group, known as Separatist, wanted to organize a completely separate church, one that was independent of royal control. • They decided to settle in the new colony in America then operated by the Virginia Company of London. • In 1620, a small group of Pilgrims set sail for Virginia aboard the Mayflower. most were people who had faced economic motives for making the voyage.

24. The Plymouth Colony • After a hard and stormy voyage of 65 days, the Mayflower dropped anchor off the Massachusetts coast, a few hundred miles to the north of the intended destination in Virginia. • Rather than going to Jamestown, the Pilgrims decided to establish a new colony in Plymouth.

25. Massachusetts Bay Colony • In England, the persecution of Puritans increased as a result of the policies of a new King, Charles I. Seeking religious freedom, a group of Puritans ( who were non-Separatists) gained a royal charter for a new colonizing venture, the Massachusetts Bay company (1629). • In 1630, about a thousand Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for the Massachusetts shore and founded Boston and several other towns. • A civil war in England in the 1630s drove some 15,000 more settlers to the Massachusetts Bay colony- a movement know as the Great Migration. • Puritan leader John Winthrop saw the Mass. Bay Company as an opportunity for a new puritan settlement in America. Make the new colony(Mass. Bay Colony) a model Puritan settlement.“A city on a Hill”

26. Massachusetts Bay Colony 1684, the Mass. Bay Colony lost its charter when Mass. openly violated the Navigation Acts, passed by England in 1660, 1663, and 1673, all meant to impose trade restrictions on the colonies.

27. Mayflower Compact Mayflower Compact • What year did the Mayflower arrive at Plymouth Rock? • What do you think this line means: “Majority will rule, not a single man”? Tier 2 Questions • Why did the Pilgrims decide to write some laws before they docked? Tier 3 Questions • Compare and contrast the divine rights of kings and majority rule. • Why do you think it was important for the Pilgrims to create the Mayflower Compact before they docked? What could have happened if they had not?

28. Early political Institutions • From the very beginning, England allowed its American colonies a certain degree of self-rule. • Majority Rule in Plymouth: Aboard the Mayflower in 1620, the Pilgrims drew up and signed a document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. • Mayflower Compact, represented both an early form of colonial self-government and an early (though rudimentary) form of written constitution, establishing the powers and duties of government.

29. Early Political Institutions The men also elected the colony’s first governor, The Plymouth Colony continued to be governed by the principles est. by the Mayflower Compact, until it was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/culture/thanksgiving/ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mayflower.asp

30. Early political Institutions • Representative Government at Jamestown. The Virginia Company sought to encourage settlement in James town by guaranteeing colonists the same rights that they had in England, including the right to represented in the lawmaking process. • In 1619, Virginia’s colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses.

31. Early political Institutions • Representative government in Massachusetts. In Massachusetts Bay Colony, there were limited but important democratic actions. • All free men- male members of the Puritan church- had the right to participate in yearly elections of the colony’s governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly.

32. Early Political Institutions • The charter allowed for a civil gov’t, called the General Court, which had the power to levy taxes and elect the governor and his assistants. • Originally made up of “freemen” (stockholders), the General Court later replaced stockownership with church membership as the condition for being a freeman. • General Court became a 2 house representative body, with 2 to 3 deputies representing each town in Mass.

33. The Spanish ap Early political Institutions • Limited nature of colonial democracy. While some of the English colonize were partly democratic, a sizeable part of the colonial population was excluded from the political process. • Only male property owners could vote for representatives. • Females or landless had few rights • Slaves and indentured servants had practically no rights. • Many colonial Governors ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers, answering only to the king or others in England • The gradual development of democratic ideas in the colonies coexisted with antidemocratic practices such as slavery and the widespread mistreatment of Native Americans.

34. European treatment of Native Americans • The Spanish approach: conquer, rule and intermarry. • The English approach: occupied the land and forced the small scattered tribes they encountered to move away from the coast to inland territories. • The French approach: looking for furs and converts to Catholicism, tended to treat Native Americans as economic and military allies.

35. European treatment of Native Americans • In general, Europeans viewed Native Americans as inferiors who could be exploited for economic, political , and religious gain. • Two long term effects of European colonization were • The destruction by disease and war of large segments of the Native Americans population • The establishment of a permanent legacy of subjugation.

37. Development of New England Colonies • Rhode Island • Founded by Roger Williams went to Boston 1631, Puritan minister. • Forced to leave Mass. Bay Colony. • Colony unique • Recognized the rights of Native Americans and paid then for their land. • Religious toleration. • Anne Hutchinson believed in antinomianism: the idea faith alone, not deeds is necessary for salvation. • 1644, Williams was granted charter from England

38. New England Settlement

39. New England Settlement • Puritans came to America to est. religious freedom, yet they had little tolerance for those who did not share their beliefs. • Puritans were under pressure to change. In 1662, church ministers agreed to the “Half-Way Covenant.” With this, children of church members were admitted as “half-way” members, allowing them to be baptized into the church but denying them the right to vote or take communion. • http://www.answers.com/topic/half-way-covenant

40. New England Settlement • A fear of witchcraft pervaded New England during the late 1660s. The hysteria over witchcraft reached its height in the Puritan village of Salem. • 1n 1692, dozens of men, women, and children were accused of witchcraft and placed in the Salem jail. Before the hysteria ended some 10 months later, 19 people were found guilty of practicing witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials and were hanged. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU8GvfeaOMo

41. New England Settlement • New England settlers depended on NA for trade and for learning ways to adapt to the new land. • Europeans brought great change, loss of land and home, and illness in the form of smallpox to NA. • 1675, the Wampanoag people hoped to clear their homeland of European settlers. Led by Metacomet (known to settlers as King Phillip) they waged war on the expanding settlements in Southern New England.

42. New England Settlement A New England Indian fighting on the side of the settlers killed Metacomet in 1676, effectively ending King Phillip’s War. This paved the way for further expansion of colonial settlements in New England.

44. Mid-Atlantic Colonies (Middle) • The Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant turned the colony over to England in 1664. It was renamed New York after the Duke of York, the brother of King Charles II.

45. Mid-Atlantic: New York • New York: Charles II wants to unite Chesapeake and New England. In 1664, the king grants his brother, the duke of York (James the II), the land. James is able to easily subdue the Dutch (governor Peter Stuyvesant) and take NY.

46. Mid-Atlantic Colonies (Middle) • In 1681, William Penn secured a large tract of land from King Charles II and founded Pennsylvania. • Penn was a member of the Quakers, a group of people who practiced tolerance toward others, pacifism, religious equality for women, and who did not have an est. church ministry. • The Quakers often were persecuted for their way of life. • In 1683, PA est. a legislative assembly.

47. Mid-Atlantic: Pennsylvania • Penn provided a frame of government, guarantee a representative assembly elected by landowners, written constitution, guarantee freedom of worship for all. • Treat Native Americans fairly • Attract settlers: hired agents and published notices throughout Europe, promised political and religious freedom, and generous land terms.

48. Economy and Society: 13 colonies • Btwn 1607 and 1732, 13 diverse colonies were est. along America’s eastern coast. (3 types of colonies est.) 1. Charter colonies: The British parliament granted rights and privileges to the charter colonies. They could elect governors and members of a legislature. 2. Proprietary Colonies: individuals or groups granted land by Great Britain. They had the power to appoint the governor and certain members of legislature. 3. Royal colonies: Britain directly ruled these colonies. The British Parliament appointed the governor and upper house of the legislature, which usually followed the wishes of the King. The people of the colonies elected the lower house.

49. Colonial Economic Activity • What does economic activities refer to? • Observe the economic activities of each colony. • Ask questions if your unsure of an economic activity. • On your map identify each region (South, New England, and Middle) with their specific activity. • Example Southern colonies= agriculture • Create a symbol or identification measure to mark on your map.

50. Economy and society:13 colonies New England food and income 1. New England terrain was rougher than other areas and its long winters made farming difficult. 2. Crops like corn were cultivated, but the primary source of food was fishing.