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Structure Organization Process How Decisions are made Policy Substance of policy

Structure Organization Process How Decisions are made Policy Substance of policy. US National Institutions. US Constitution. EXECUTIVE. Legislative. Judicial. Institutional Powers. Article One: Congressional Powers Declare War Raise and support armed forces Regulate armed forces

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Structure Organization Process How Decisions are made Policy Substance of policy

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  1. Structure • Organization • Process • How Decisions are made • Policy • Substance of policy

  2. US National Institutions US Constitution EXECUTIVE Legislative Judicial

  3. Institutional Powers Article One: Congressional Powers Declare War Raise and support armed forces Regulate armed forces Senate: approve executive branch officials Senate: advise and consent on treaties Tax and Spend money Article Two: Executive Powers Make treaties Appoint officials and ambassadors Commander-in-chief of armed forces

  4. The Struggle for Power • Modern deference to President • Public Opinion: Foreign policy is a presidential power • When presidents ignore congress on foreign policy matters: public supports president • Congressional Power: $$$$$$$

  5. Cabinet-Style Government(standard organizational structure)

  6. Career vs. Appointee Transition 2008-2009 wObamaCareer

  7. What is US Foreign Policy? White House National Security Council Presidential Directives (from Federation of American Scientists) US National Security Structure

  8. State Department State Dept home page Organization Embassies Careers Nations (includes background notes)

  9. Department of Defense The Pentagon

  10. DoD Structure DoD Organization The Department of Defense The Office of the Secretary of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff JCS Structure United States Army United States Navy Navy Structure United States Marine Corps United States Air Force Unified Command Plan Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency (NSA) Defense Science Board publications

  11. Intelligence Community Office of the Director of National Intelligence ODNI Structure DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005) National Intelligence Council National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) President’s Intelligence Advisory Board (PIAB). Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook CIA list of World Leadersand Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments CIA-sponsored page of links on intelligence issues Freedom of Information Act details for CIA documents

  12. Congressional Oversight House Armed Services Committee House Committee on Foreign Afairs House Select Committee on Homeland Security House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Government Accountability Office (GAO) CRS Reports through the Federation of American Scientists

  13. National Security Council Members President Vice President Secretary of State Secretary of Defense Secretary of Energy (2007) Any others the President wishes to add Advisors Chair JCS DNI

  14. Current NSC Committee Structure (2009) NSC NSC Principals Committee NSC Deputies Committee NSC Interagency Policy Comm. NSC Interagency Policy Comm. NSC Interagency Policy Comm NSC Interagency Policy Comm

  15. 2001-2009 NSC HSC NSC HSC Committees Committees NSC HSC Staff Staff 2009 NSC HSC NSC HSC Comm. Comm. National Security Staff Obama Modifications2009

  16. Evolution of the NSCIntended Design But sometimes… CJCS DNI National Security Staff NSC Committees

  17. Analytical Model (Rational Actor) Cost Benefit Analysis

  18. Organizational Process Model State Defense Treasury Commerce Homeland Security

  19. Advice to the President Solution to foreign crisis? State: Negotiate Treasury: Sanctions Commerce: Trade DNI: Need better intelligence CIA: Covert Operations Defense: Use force Army: Ground troops Navy: Carrier air power Marines: Amphibious landing Air Force: Bombing

  20. Bureaucratic Politics Model

  21. Presidential Management Model What Structures, if any, are used in decision making? Who is actually making the decision? Who does the president trust the most?

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