RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS

1. RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS Anna rose Benkeser and Claire lee adair

3. Opposition in Great Britain

4. Conscientious Objectors • Pacifists against war in general • Political objectors (German government wasn’t the enemy) • Religious objections • Quakers • Jehovah Witnesses • Combination

5. Conscientious Objectors • Ypres and Somme  vast casualties  fewer volunteers  conscription • Conscious clause • The right to refuse if it went against their beliefs • Partial participators & absolutists • No Conscription Fellowship • Socialist Independent Labour Party & Quakers

6. "Compulsory service is, I believe, as distasteful to the nation as it is incompatible with the conditions of an Army like ours, which has such a large proportion of its units on foreign service. I hold moreover, that the man who voluntarily serves his country is more to be relied upon as a good fighting soldier than is he who is compelled to bear arms.”-Lord Roberts, British Commander in South Africa

7. Opposition in the United states

8. Opposition in the United States • Opposition from: • German Americans • Irish Americans • Quakers • Parents • Espionage Act of 1917 • Sedition Act of 1918

9. Socialists

10. Socialist Opposition • Marx’s predictions coming true • Capitalism caused the war

11. French Mutiny

12. Mutiny in the French Army • April 17-June 30: ~250 mutinies • Rarely refused to face the enemy • Nivelle Offense of April 1917  many deaths • Infantry regiments had enough • 17 men from the 108th Infantry Regiment abandoned their posts • 12 sentenced to death • Motivated by living conditions  trenches • Rumors  conflict

13. Statistics from G. Pedroncini • The French Army consisted of 112 Divisions and 68 were affected by mutiny. • Of these 68, five were “profoundly affected”’ six were “very seriously affected”, 15 were “seriously affected”, 25 were affected by “repeated incidents” and 17 were affected by “one incident only”. • A total 35,000 men were involved in mutiny. • 1,381 were given a “heavy prison sentence” of five years or more hard labour. Twenty-three men were given life sentences. • 1,492 were given lesser prison sentences, though some of these were suspended. • 57 men were probably executed (7 immediately after sentence and possibly another 50 after they received no reprieve. There were 43 certain executions (including the seven summarily executed) and 14 “possibly” or “doubtfully”. Two more men were sentenced to death but one committed suicide and one escaped (Corporal Moulin who was known to be still alive after World War Two).

14. Mutinies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOiadmX1D5Y

15. Russian revolution

16. Mutiny in the Russian army • Russia was not prepared for war • Tannenberg and the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes  loss of two armies • Poor conditions • Awful death rate • Food and munitions shortages • Soviets  propaganda to the war front  encouraged mutiny • Spread revolutionary ideas • Many troops listened • Tsar called loyal troops to put down March 1917 Revolution • Few obeyed

17. 1916 Russian Revolution • Home front life was strained • Militarism of industry • Food shortages • Rumors about tsarina Alexandra and Rasputin • 1,700,000 military dead and 5,000,000 wounded = 'stupidity or treason’? • Soviet leaders did not support defensive war • ‘Without annexations or indemnities‘ no one would accept • April 1917: anti-war radicals& Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin  home from exile in Switzerland by German General Staff • 30 million marks  provoke disorder in Russia • 1917 military coup  Bolshevik rise to power

19. Arab Revolt (1916 – 1918)

21. Ottoman Empire before the Arab revolt • Ottoman Empire had kept control over its multiple ethnic groups because it had allowed them their respective lifestyles of choice • Directly before WWI  Ottoman Empire had shrunk (to what is now Turkey, the Middle East, and the Arabian coastline)  Pan-Turkic campaign • 1908  Completion of Hejaz railway  infuriation of Hashemite clan • Anger among Arabs  Arab secret nationalist societies

22. Intro to the ARAB REVOLT VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0B2JikABjA8

23. Emir Sharif Hussein bin Ali

24. Arab revolt sparks • Purpose: achieving independence for Arabs from ruling Ottoman Turks  single unified Arab state • The Hashemite cause seeks British support  Prince Abdullah to Cairo – Lord Kitchener • British reluctance and vague response at first • Ottoman Empire joins WWI on side of the Central Powers and pose threat of British access to Suez Canal  Great Britain becomes a prime supporter of Hashemite cause

26. ARAB REVOLT • British ships begin to aid revolt by shipping weapons and funds to Arabia • Sharif Hussein bin Ali  tribal alliances; al-Fatat nationalist movement • June 5th, 1916  Arab Revolt begins – attack at Medina of Ottoman garrison (General Fakhri Pasha) • June 10th  Sharif Hussein bin Ali makes public announcement of the revolt in Mecca

27. Arab Revolt • Rebel clan attacks of ports along Red Sea • Arab Regular Army • ‘Lawrence of Arabia’ Leadership cooperation between the British and the Arabs • October 1916 • Attack of Hejaz railway • Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) – General Sir Edmund Allenby

28. T.E. Lawrence recalls a Hejaz railway attack in which he set off an electric mine that exploded a locomotive: “We had a Lewis [machine gun] and flung bullets through the sides. So they hopped out and took cover behind the embankment, and shot at us between the wheels at 50 yards. Unfortunately for them, the Lewis covered the open stretch. The whole job took ten minutes, and they lost 70 killed, 30 wounded and 80 prisoner. I lost some baggage, and nearly myself. I’m not going to last out this game much longer: nerves going and temper wearing thin….This killing and killing of Turks is horrible.”

29. T.E. Lawrence – ‘Lawrence of Arabia’

30. informative WEBSITE ON T.E. LAwrence http://www.pbs.org/lawrenceofarabia/players/lawrence.html

31. Arab Revolt • Lawrence  reconnaissance missions in Syria • October 1917  EEF victory at the third Battle of Gaza (Beersheba) • September 1918  Battle of Meggido (final offensive) • ‘Race to Damascus’ • Sykes-Picot Agreement

32. Works cited • August 1914, 'The People' Resisting the Call to Arms. N.p.: n.p., n.d. JPEG. • Background to Quakers and Conscientious Objection in World War I & II. N.p.: n.p., n.d. PDF. • "Conscientious Objectors." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2012. • Consciousnesses Objectors. N.p.: n.p., n.d. JPEG. • "Introduction to Northwest Antiwar History." Antiwar History: WWI. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2012. • "Mutiny in the French Army." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2012. • N.p., n.d. Web. • "Russian and War." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2012. • "UK Socialists and WW1." World Socialist Party (US). N.p., n.d. Web. • "War and Revolution in Russia 1914 - 1921." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2012.

33. Works cited • WWI Russian Statistics. N.p.: n.p., n.d. JPEG. Browne, O'Brien. "Creating Chaos: Lawrence of Arabia and the 1916 Arab Revolt." History Net. Weider History Group, 10 Aug. 2010. Web. 4 Dec. 2012.      <http://www.historynet.com/     creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm> • History Learning Site. HistoryLearningSite, n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2012.      <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/conscientious_objectors.htm>.  • Kimball, Charles Scott. "A History of Russia - Chapter 3: Soviet Russia - 1917      to 1985." The Xenophile Historian. Charles Kimball, n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2012.      <http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/russia/ru03.html> • Kindig, Jessie. "Labor Radicalism and WWI." Antiwar and Radical History Project.      U of Washington, n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. <http://depts.washington.edu/     antiwar/pnwhistory_home.shtml> • "Map of Expansion and Decline of the Ottoman Empire." Naqshbandi. N.p., n.d.      Web. 5 Dec. 2012. <http://www.naqshbandi.org/ottomans/maps/> • Ministry for Culture and Heritage. "The Arab Revolt, 1916-18 - Ottoman Empire." New Zealand History Outline. History Group of the New Zealand Ministry      for Culture and Heritage, 30 Aug. 2012. Web. 4 Dec. 2012.      <http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/ottoman-empire/arab-revolt>. • O’Brien Browne. T.E. Lawrence: The Enigmatic Lawrence of Arabia. Military History. October 2003.

34. Quiz!!!

35. 1) Name at least 3 groups that opposed the war. • Mothers • Socialists • Conscientious Objectors • Quakers • Jehovah Witnesses • Irish Americans • German Americans

36. 2) What was the conscious clause? In which country was it applied? • Great Britain • It allowed citizens refuse to participate in battle if they had a "conscientious objection” to war

37. 3) Name one of the two Acts passed in the United States that led to the punishment of protestors. • Espionage Act of 1917 • Sedition Act of 1918

38. 4) In which year did mutinies in the French army begin? • 1917

39. 5) Name three factors that lead to Russia munities. • Poor conditions • Militarization of industry • Food shortages • High casualty rates • Munitions shortages • German provocation • Soviet provocation

40. 6) Which side did the ottoman empire join? • The Central Powers