Grammar

1. Grammar Patterns F, G, and H

2. Pattern F: S, Appositive, V or Appositive, SV • V = verb: action verb or linking verb • S = subject: noun or pronoun performing the action • Appositive= a noun or noun phrase that explains, identifies, or redefines another noun close by • NOTE: Appositives do not have subjects or verbs

3. Pattern F: S, Appositive, V or Appositive, SV Step 1: Cross out any prepositional phrases. Step 2: Look for possible nouns or phrases that rename another noun close by . -Be sure the phrase does not contain a subject or verb -underline the appositive and draw an arrow to the noun it is renaming Step 3: Find the verbs. -Underline the complete verb twice in each part Step 4: Ask “who or what is (insert verb)?” -The answer to this question is the subject. -Underline the subject once in each part. Step 5: If the appositive starts the sentence, place a comma after it. If the appositive comes in the middle of the sentence, surround it with commas. S, appositive, V or Appositive, SV

4. S, Appositive, V or Appositive, SV Example Mary, my best friend, lives in Colorado. The owner of the store, Mr. Shopps has expanded his inventory. Step 1: Cross out prepositional phrases. IN COLORADO (IN= preposition) OF THE STORE (OF=preposition) Step2: Look for a noun or noun phrase renaming another noun. MY BEST FRIEND THE OWNER OF THE STORE Step 3: Find the action. LIVES/HAS EXPANDED(verb) -Underline these words twice. Step 4: Who or what “lives” and “has expanded”? MARY/MR. SHOPPS(subject) -Underline these words once. Step 5: Is the appositive at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence? PROPERLY PLACE COMMAS PATTERN F: S, Appositive, V Appositive, SV

5. Pattern G: Participial Phrase, SV • V = verb: action verb or linking verb • S = subject: noun or pronoun performing the action • Participial Phrase= can begin with either past or present participials • Present Participials end in “ing” • Past Participials end in “ed,” “t,” or “n” NOTE: make sure the participial phrase is followed by the noun/pronoun it describes

6. Pattern G: Participial Phrase, SV Example Guarding us with their weapons, the heavily armed soldiers looked ominous. Step 1: Does a participial phrase start the sentence? YES Step 2: Place a comma after the participial phrase.

7. Pattern H: SV, participial phrase • V = verb: action verb or linking verb • S = subject: noun or pronoun performing the action • Participial Phrase= can begin with either past or present participials • Present Participials end in “ing” • Past Participials end in “ed,” “t,” or “n”

8. Pattern H: SV, participial phrase The sun pushes through the early morning fog, inspiring people with a desire to invent and create. Step 1: Does a participial phrase start the sentence? No Step 2: Does a participial phrase come after a S and V? YES Step 3: Place a comma before the participial.

9. Practice • Copy the following sentences. Cross out the prepositional phrases, underline the subject once, the verb twice and put in the correct punctuation. Write the pattern next to the sentence. • 1. Working through the night the boy finished his paper • 2. The king known for his generosity spared him his life • 3. The winner of the pageant Miss Kansas smiled triumphantly • 4. The goat ate the flowers making the farmers wife very angry