Chapter 27

1. Chapter 27 Cold War America *****Note – only print out up to slide 70 (I.D) rest will be done by Monday afternoon*******

2. Chapter 28 Reading Questions • Explain the record of American prosperity during the 2 decades following WWII. • What were the roles of cities and suburbs in American Society? • Evaluate JFK’s New Frontier platform? • How did LBJ’s Great Society program attempt to fulfill modern liberals’ agenda for reform?

3. Results of WWII - Recap • New Technology • United Nations (UN) • Nuremburg Trials • Jewish refugees, creation of Jewish State in Middle East – Israel • Cold War

4. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] GOAL spread world-wide Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

5. The Cold War AbroadDescent into the Cold War I.A. • Instability as result of WWII – U.S. and Soviet Union wrestle for influence over areas, will engage in a protracted ideological, political, military and economic struggle for next 45 years • Known as the “Cold War”

6. The Cold War Abroad I.A. Descent into the Cold War • United Nations created to solve postwar conflicts • Cracks begin to emerge in Grand Alliance -

7. The Cold War Abroad I.A. Descent into the Cold War • Yalta Conference – Did FDR sell out Eastern Europe? • Recognize right of USSR to defend itself, agree to Soviet “sphere of influence” in E. Europe with proviso that elections will be held

9. Churchill, FDR and Stalin at Yalta. February, 1945

10. Take a close look at FDR!

11. The Cold War Abroad I.A. Descent into the Cold War • Yalta continued… • In following months, no elections held and Soviet installed governments remain (puppet regimes) • FDR dies April 1945 – Harry Truman is now President

12. The Cold War Abroad I.A. Descent into the Cold War • Potsdam Conference • Truman – takes a hard line stance with Stalin, learning lessons of appeasement from Hitler. Allied unity was replaced with distrust between superpowers

13. Churchill, Truman and Stalin – Potsdam, July 1945

14. The Cold War Abroad I.A. Descent into the Cold War • Potsdam Conference continued… • Fate of Occupied Germany – divided into 4 zones of occupation (as was Berlin) • Germany demilitarized, occupying force allowed to extract reparations

17. The Cold War Abroad I.A. Descent into the Cold War • Plans for reunification stalled for fear that united Germany would fall into other powers sphere of influence • Foundations laid for division of Germany

18. The Cold War Abroad I.A. Descent into the Cold War • With failure of Baruch Plan (which called for a monopoly on nukes by the U.S.), nuclear arms race begins between the two superpowers

19. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment • U.S. increasingly sees Soviet expansion as a threat to it’s own existence • George F. Kennan – “Long Telegram” from Moscow. Argued Soviets will expand until they meet “unanswerable force” and the U.S. must pursue a policy of “firm containment”

20. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment • Truman Doctrine – Large scale military and economic assistance inorder to keep communism from taking over. • Policy of containment crystallized over crisis in Greece (1947) • Communist coup (thought, erroneously, to be directed by Moscow)

21. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment • Truman Doctrine continued… • Truman pledges aid to Greece and Turkey to protect American Interests (Middle East) • $300 million – Greece, $100 Million, Turkey • Marked commitment to Cold War

24. NUREMBERG

27. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment • Marshall Plan – Sect. of State George Marshall proposes plan to provide economic aid to war torn Europe. • Thwart economic calamity which could lead to communism • Required that aid $ be spent on U.S. goods and services

28. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment • Marshall Plan continued... • Republicans in congress stall until communist coup in Czechoslovakia (1948) helps push legislation through congress (despite isolationist wing of Republican party) • Offered to E. Europe, Stalin forbids it • Over $13 Billion – success, European economies rebound

31. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment Berlin Airlift • Marshall plan accelerates plans to rebuild and unify Germany • Fuse zones of occupation, initiate currency reform • Revitalization of West Berlin alarms Soviets

32. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment Berlin Airlift • Fear strong Germany allied with West • Impose blockade on all road, railway and river traffic into West Berlin (June, ’48) • Truman counters with massive Airlift of supplies – Stalin backs down May,’49 • Berlin becomes symbol of communist resistance

34. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment NATO • Czech coup and Berlin crisis convince policy makers of need for collective security pact • April ’49, U.S. enters into 1st ever peacetime military alliance • North Atlantic Treaty Organization

35. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment NATO • 12 Nations agree “an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.” • May ’49 – All agree to the creation of Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany)

36. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment NATO • Soviet Response – East Germany created (German Democratic Republic) and Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) • Warsaw Pact created 1955 (military alliance for E. Europe)

37. IRON CURTAIN • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” - Winston Churchill

38. Iron Curtain • The term Iron Curtain came to symbolize the imaginary line separating Communist east Europe with non-communist west Europe.

40. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment NSC-68 • U.S. detects radiation in atmosphere Sept, ’49 – Soviets have successfully tested a nuclear bomb – Arms race has begun • Major reassessment of foreign policy in order

41. The Cold War Abroad I.B. The Truman Doctrine and Containment NSC-68 • National Security Council Issues NSC-68 • Recommends building hydrogen bomb (1000 X more powerful), vast increase in military spending, build up of conventional forces

42. National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

44. I.C. PHILLIPINES • On July 4, 1946 the U.S. grants the Philippines independence • Ferdinand Marcos becomes president in 1965

45. I.C. Cold War Abroad Containment in Asia and Korean War Japan • American forces under Gen. Douglas MacArthur help rebuild Japan • Democratic Constitution • Rebuilding economy

46. I.C. Cold War Abroad Containment in Asia and Korean War China • Communist forces (Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai) vs. Nationalist forces (Jiang Jieshi) • Truman Administration reluctantly supports corrupt and inept Nationalists • Despite billions in aid, Nationalists flee to Taiwan as Peoples Republic of China established in 1949

47. I.C. Cold War Abroad Containment in Asia and Korean War • American’s view “loss” of China as a major setback • Republican’s blame “Red China” on Truman and new Secretary of State Dean Acheson – Politics of Cold War become enflamed - midterm elections • Charges Truman took eye off ball in Asia, Dems. Gave away E. Europe, Dems sympathetic to communists, appeasers etc….

48. I.C. Cold War Abroad Containment in Asia and Korean War Korea • Joint Occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces after WWII • Korea divided at 38th parallel • Korea low on American priorities – forces were withdrawn • June 25, 1950, N. Korea launches surprise attack to reunify Korea under Kim Il Sung