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“Economic Integration in East Asia: A European Point of View” [Draft]

“Economic Integration in East Asia: A European Point of View” [Draft]. by Wolfgang PAPE (independent from any institution). Regional Integration. “Associative system of countries” (Johan Galtung)

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“Economic Integration in East Asia: A European Point of View” [Draft]

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  1. “EconomicIntegration in East Asia:A European Point of View”[Draft] by Wolfgang PAPE (independent from any institution)

  2. Regional Integration • “Associative system of countries” (Johan Galtung) • “Process by which countries remove the barriers to free trade and the free movement of people across national borders, with the goal of reducing the tensions that can lead to international conflict” (Wikipedia)

  3. Economic Integration • World-wide trade: • Volume of global exports rose 25% in 2001-2005 • Roughly 1/3 of trade is intra-firmacross borders • Intra-regional trade: • within EU amounts to at least 60% (? >open borders) • within East Asia to about 50%

  4. Current drivers of Economic Integration • World-wide: • Falling cost of transport and communication • Liberalisation of transactions across frontiers • Massive entry of new people into the economy • Regionally: • More of all the above … plus • Trust-enhancing rules and institutions … plus evtl. ”from diplomacy to democracy”

  5. Original drivers of Integration • in Europe: • Peace, after learning from decades and centuries of devastating wars • in East Asia: • Economy, after 1968 Myrdal’s “Asian Drama”, 1993 World Bank’s “Asian Miracle” and 1997 Asian financial crises (=> institutions?)

  6. East Asian Integration • “Market-oriented”, with high level of intra-firm trade because of diversity of economies • “Trust-based” amongst economic actors with still low level of common binding rules • “Dualism” of high level of economic, but low level of political interaction because of ‘differences’ (=/=trust)

  7. European Integration “Rule-based” in continental law tradition “The moment the ink hits the paper in Europe it becomes a global piece of legislation.” (NY Times, 6.7.04) “EU rules are steadily emerging as the international standard.” (Asahi, 9.9.06) “Pooling” political sovereignty equally to stabilise institutions for peace and prosperity Experiencing diversity as a chance for creativity as well as a burden with cost

  8. “Unity in Diversity” East Asian linguistic pragmatism • de-facto one spoken language, plus traditionally one common script EU respect of multiculturalism • de-lege 21 languages for official documents, thus creating the biggest and most costly language service in the world (hardly comparable to the only six official languages at the UN with 189 member countries)

  9. The E u r o up-front Same numbers of one civilisation:

  10. The E u r o back « Vive la différence!»

  11. Diversity in Asia • from largest (China, India) to smallest (Brunei) • from richest (Singapore) to poorest (North Korea) • from most open market (Hong Kong) to most closed (DPRK) • from ‘largest democracy’ (India) to small absolute monarchy (Bhutan) plus cultures, 5 main religions, languages etc. … cf. 危機

  12. Regionalism in East Asia • Association of South-East Asian Nations ‘ASEAN plus One, Two,Three ...’ (cf. “ACU”) • APECand ASEM as link with outside • … or now rather bilateral FTA’s (all WTO but Mongolia!)?

  13. ASEANations ’Nation-bldg’ v. multi-ethnicity? • ‘Melting-pot’ or multi-cultural? • Plurilateral chance to leap-frog ‘nation’? • Risk of “Un-Balance of Power” as in 19th century Europe ? … or chance ofGovernance beyond nation ?

  14. 21th century: Asia to share with EU experiences in integration Integration: a fact for the economies, a need for policies and governance Bottom-up Sharing , beyond ideologies

  15. Sharing • 20th century: EC as elite-driven with war-experience top-down • From Coal and Steel Community to EURO • 21st century: Bottom-up sharing • From LINUX to WIKIPEDIA in cyberspace • From ‘social sharing’ to • more legitimateGovernance?

  16. From past Greek ‘AGORA’ and medieval village square in Europe To future Open Digital Cyber-space for Civil Society SHARING Public Sphere History

  17. Not anymore based solely on the principles of representative democracy, nor exclusively on the logic of pressure groups or opinion polls Past: Quantitative …But to be based on openness and participation including ‘votes and voices’ with respect for subsidiarity Future: Qualitative Changing Public Spherefor better governance

  18. Treaty of Westphalia (1648): Independent nation-states of absolute political authority within territorial sovereignty; need for ‘balance of power’between nations Today’s trends: Inter-dependent economies with democratic decision-making, ranging from local via national and regional to global governance (‘from diplomacy to democracy’)and ideally Omnilateralism Governance => multi-level

  19. “How Asia looks at Europe” Study by Prof. Martin Holland, NZ, 2006 • “Coverage of the EU in the Asian media is very poor…” • “There is a communications gap between the EU and Asia.”

  20. Commissioner Peter Mandelson 8.6.06 in Beijing: “Asia has received insufficient priority in Europe.”

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