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Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and Function

Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and Function. The printed out notes are more detailed than these slides, you are expected to read the chapter and your notes - anything is fair game on the test, but the cell chapter is largely review. Lab: microscopes and membranes Thurs: 10/9. A. The Cell Theory.

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Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and Function The printed out notes are more detailed than these slides, you are expected to read the chapter and your notes - anything is fair game on the test, but the cell chapter is largely review.

  2. Lab: microscopes and membranes • Thurs: 10/9

  3. A. The Cell Theory 1. Every living organism is made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. It is the smallest unit that can perform life functions. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. *Why is the Cell Theory called a Theory and not a Fact?

  4. Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio

  5. If there a person was at the very center of each house and accidently started a fire, the person in which house would have a better chance of escaping?

  6. Figure 4.3

  7. Early Contributions Hooke Leeuwenhoek Schleiden Schwann Virchow

  8. http://htwins.net/scale2/

  9. B. ALL CELLS HAVE: 1. Cell Membrane   a)  Phospholipid Bilayer  (double layer)        b)  Proteins         c) Carbohydrates

  10. 3. Cytoplasm  (cytosol) 2.  Genetic Material ORGANELLES float within cytoplasm and perform specific functions

  11. Prokaryote Cells

  12. Figure 4.4a

  13. Eukaryotes

  14. Endosymbiosis : All organelles seem to share many properties with bacteria. Lynn Margulisproposed: endosymbiosis hypothesis: that ancient colonization of large bacteria (became the eukaryotic cell) engulfed smaller bacteria (became the mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.) Symbiosis = "living together". *Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have their own DNA Animation at Microbiological Concepts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ESXvLHceDc

  15. Endosymbiosis Theory that ancient colonization of large bacteria (became the eukaryotic cell) engulfed smaller bacteria (became the mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FQmAnmLZtE

  16. In your notes: • Create a diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Include examples of each and anything you can remember When done, use ch 4 to label the pictures on your notes outline handout pg 65 and 68

  17. both Eukaryote Prokaryote Membrane Bound Organelles Cells No Organelles DNA Simple Nucleus Cytoplasm Mostly single cells Complex Plasma Membrane Specific in function Ribosome Archaea and bacteria Multicellular Cell wall Plants, Animals, fungi

  18. Quick Recap....... 1.  What are the two main types of cells? 2.  Which one is larger?   3.   Which one does not have a membrane bound nucleus? 4.  What are the three main parts of the cell (that all cells have)? 5.  What are the 3 components of the cell theory? 6.  What theory best explains how eukaryotes evolved? Label the pictures on the top of your notes outline: use 65, 68-69 to help

  19. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? 1 2 E • Has membrane bound organelles • Includes plant and animals cells • Bacteria • Has no organelles E P E P P

  20. cell biology is a huge area, and is divided into many branches that biologists specialize in... 1)  Oncology 2)  Microbiology 3)  Genetics  4)  Paleobiology 5) Pathology       ............to name a few Here's an older video that compares prokaryotes and eukaryotes and discusses how cells evolved, film by the Phoenix Learning Group  (17 minutes) And a shorter video on the main parts of The Cell

  21. The Parts of the Cell

  22. Cell Diagram Directions: • You will get a picture of a animal or plant cell, label the cell. • label as many parts as you can remember • Then look in your book to label the rest • Write a 2-5 word description of the function of each part

  23. II. Nucleus: • Nucleoplasm: semifluid matrix • Chromatin: uncoiled, fluid DNA and proteins • Chromosomes: coiled, rodlike DNA structures • Gene: unit of heredity located on DNA • Nucleolus: dark region of chromatin where rRNA joins with proteins to form ribosomal subunits (parts to make ribosomes) • nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores for some things to enter and exit

  24. III. Endomembrane System: • Includes: • Nuclear envelope • Membrane of the ER • Golgi apparatus • Several types of lysosomes

  25. I am a reticulated python. Ask me what I have to do with the endoplasmic reticulum.

  26. A. Nuclear Envelope/ Membrane: RNA leaves nucleus to instruct production of proteins

  27. Figure 4.10a B. Endoplasmic Reticulum (endoplasm= "within cytoplasm", reticulum= "little net" --divides cell into compartments--channels molecules through the cell's interior, like a little highway, make vesicles Rough ER --has ribosomes --functions in proteinsynthesis --ER transports newly assembled proteins to the Golgi Apparatus Smooth ER --no ribosomes --mostly contains enzymes that act in lipid synthesis (such as hormones like estrogen and testosterone) Vary depending on location

  28. C. Golgi Apparatus: Delivery System -flattened stacks of membranes-functions in collection, modifying, packagingand distribution of molecules made in the cell and used elsewhere-unprocessed proteins enter the front end (cis) near the ER, and are exported near the cell membrane, at the back end (trans)  --the folded stacks are called cisternae

  29. Jobs of the Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Complex)1. separates proteins according to their destinations2. modifies proteins (adds sugar and makes glycoproteins)3. packages materials into vesicleswhich are exported outside the cell  -  secretion

  30. Lysosomes - Intracellular Digestion Centers --contain high levels of degrading enzymes (to "lyse" means to dissolve)--recycle old and worn out cell parts - apoptosis"suicide sac” -digest other particles taken in by phagocytosis--this "food" is stored in food vacuoles, the lysosomes fuse with the vacuoles and release digestive enzymes

  31. Lysosomes - Intracellular Digestion Centers TAY-SACHS disease – What do lysosomes have to do with this deadly disease? • Article and Video on Tay Sachshttp://6abc.com/archive/9036458/ • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzEpkBU-ITA

  32. Tay-Sachs disease is caused by the absence or significantly reduced level of a enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase(Hex-A). Normally, Hex A is a digestive enzyme that is part of the lysosome. Without the correct amount of the Hex-A enzyme, a fatty substance or lipid called GM2 ganglioside accumulates abnormally in cells, especially in the nerve cells of the brain.

  33. Ribosomes - Sites of Protein Synthesis -each is composed of two subunits, one large and one small-mRNA is "read" by the ribosomes and amino acids are assembled into proteins-ribosomes are manufactured by the nucleolus, assembles by ER --polyribosomes – strings of ribosomes in the cytoplasm that work to make a protein

  34. Free vs Bound Ribosome Free ribosomes: produce proteins that are used by the cell. - ex: for metabolism of food. Bound ribosomes: produce proteins that are transported out of the cell. - ex: for a specific function, such as digestive enzymes and polypeptide hormones.

  35. Mitochondria • --contains its own DNA, support for Endosymbiosis Theory • mitochondria divide before cell division, they are not synthesized like other cell parts • --function: store energy for cell use. Energy is stored in the form of ATP - adenosine triphosphate -2 membranes, one smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane folded into layers called cristae--Cristae has two compartments: the matrix and the intermembranespace

  36. What happens if your mitochondria don’t work? Mitochondrial Disease Video Why is mitochondrial disease so devastating to children? Consider the mitochondria have their own DNA separate from the parental DNA. How could you cure this disease? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_ylLEhRG30

  37. Focus on Plant Cells

  38. Chloroplasts - Where Photosynthesis Takes Place Plants only --has its own DNA, like mitochondrion--functions: to convert light energy to carbohydrates--carbohydrates then broken down in mitochondria to produce ATP

  39. Parts of chloroplast--thylakoids are the individual disk shaped compartments -- Grana: stack of thylakoids--stromais the fluid surrounded the thylakoids *Chloroplasts are a type of plastidChromoplasts – red, yellow and orange pigmentLeucoplasts – colorless (potatoes)

  40. Cytoskeleton- support system a. Microfilaments (now calledactin filament) – occur in bundles, form tracks within the cell for the movement of organelles,  used to form pseudopods (ameba)b. Intermediate filaments  - support membrane, cell to cell junctionsc. Microtubules -  (little pipe) radiate from the centrosome   -  form the spindle during cell division

  41. Centrioles – used during cell division to move and separate chromosomes, only found in animal cell

  42. Cytoskeleton How do cells maintain their shape? How do they move? - pseudopod - cilia - flagella

  43. Pseudopod – extensions of the cell that allow for movement (ameba), depend on actin filaments Cilia (hair) & Flagella (whip) --function in movement-- 9 + 2 Arrangement of microtubules http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA

  44. Hey....remember enzymes? The Peroxisome Found inplant and animal cells, this organelle plays a critical role in normal cell functioning. In human cells, peroxisomes house some sixty enzymes, involved in metabolic processessuch as bile acid, cholesterol, and plasmalogen biosynthesis, as well as ß-oxidation  • peroxisome produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product of its normal function. • -To neutralize this potentially toxic compound, a peroxisome imports the hydrogen peroxide-metabolizing enzyme catalase, from the cytosol of the cell. Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

  45. Vacuole --  mainly storage or specific functions (contractile vacuole, fat vacuole)-- Plant cells have a CENTRALVACUOLE  - used for storage and help to maintain hydrostatic pressure

  46. QOD: 1. What does the cell theory state? 2. Explain why cells are so small using the idea surface- area- to- volume ratio. 3. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells - use a graphic organizer: (venn, tree map, etc) • Plant Cell • Animal cell • Eukaryote • Plasma Membrane • Nucleus • Ribosome • ER • Mitochondria • Chloroplast • Cell wall • Cytoplasm • Golgi Apparatus • Vacuole • Centrioles • Fern Cells • Muscle Cells • Human Cells

  47. Plant Animal

  48. Tree Map

  49. Double Bubble (like a venn diagram)

  50. Cell wall Eukaryote centrioles vacuole Nucleus Mitochondria Muscle cells Plant Cell Animal Cell Cytoplasm Plasma Membrane Chloroplast humans Fern Ribosome ER lysosome Golgi apparatus

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