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Chapter 4 Compounds and Their Bonds

Chapter 4 Compounds and Their Bonds. Covalent Bonds Covalent Compounds Bond Polarity Polyatomic Ions. Covalent Bonds. Formed between two nonmetals in 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A Nonmetals have high electronegativity values Electrons are shared single bond shares one pair electrons

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Chapter 4 Compounds and Their Bonds

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  1. Chapter 4Compounds and Their Bonds Covalent Bonds Covalent Compounds Bond Polarity Polyatomic Ions LecturePLUS Timberlake

  2. Covalent Bonds • Formed between two nonmetals in 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A • Nonmetals have high electronegativity values • Electrons are shared single bond shares one pair electrons double bond shares two pairs electrons triple bond shares three pairs electrons LecturePLUS Timberlake

  3. Learning Check C1 Indicate whether a bond between the following would be 1) Ionic 2) covalent ____ A. sodium and oxygen ____ B. nitrogen and oxygen ____ C. phosphorus and chlorine ____ D. calcium and sulfur ____ E. chlorine and bromine LecturePLUS Timberlake

  4. Solution C1 Indicate whether a bond between the following would be 1) Ionic 2) covalent _1_ A. sodium and oxygen _2_ B. nitrogen and oxygen _ 2_ C. phosphorus and chlorine _1_ D. calcium and sulfur _2_ E. chlorine and bromine LecturePLUS Timberlake

  5. Covalent Bonds Two nonmetal atoms form a covalent bond because they have less energy after they bonded H+H H : H = HH = H2 hydrogen molecule LecturePLUS Timberlake

  6. Diatomic Molecules Gases that exist as diatomic molecules are H2, F2, N2, O2, Cl2, Br2, I2 octets       N  + N  N:::N  triple bond LecturePLUS Timberlake

  7. Learning Check C2 Use the name of the element to name the following diatomic molecules? H2 hydrogen N2 nitrogen Cl2 _______________ O2 _______________ I2 _______________ LecturePLUS Timberlake

  8. Solution C2 Use the name of the element to name the following diatomic molecules? H2 hydrogen N2 nitrogen Cl2 _______________ O2 _______________ I2 _______________ LecturePLUS Timberlake

  9. Covalent Bonds in NH3 Bonding pairs H   H: N : H   Lone pair of electrons LecturePLUS Timberlake

  10. Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Two nonmetals • Name each element • End the last element in -ide • Add prefixes to show more than 1 atom Prefixes mon 1 penta 5 di 2 hexa 6 tri 3 tetra 4 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  11. Learning Check C3 CO carbon ______oxide CO2 carbon _______________ PCl3 phosphorus _______chloride CCl4 carbon ________chloride N2O _____nitrogen _____oxide LecturePLUS Timberlake

  12. Solution C3 CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide PCl3 phosphorus trichloride CCl4 carbon tetrachloride N2O dinitrogen monoxide LecturePLUS Timberlake

  13. Learning Check C4 A. P2O5 1) phosphorus oxide 2) phosphorus pentoxide 3) diphosphorus pentoxide B. Cl2O71) dichlorine heptoxide 2) dichlorine oxide 3) chlorine heptoxide C. Cl21) chlorine 2) dichlorine 3) dichloride LecturePLUS Timberlake

  14. Solution C4 A. P2O5 3) diphosphorus pentoxide B. Cl2O71) dichlorine heptoxide C. Cl21) chlorine LecturePLUS Timberlake

  15. Electronegativity Values • The attraction of an atom for electrons is its electronegativity value • Fluorine has the highest electronegativities F = 4.0, O = 3.5, Cl = 3.0, N = 3.0 C = 2.5, P = 2.1 • The metals have low electronegativities Mg = 1.2, Ca = 1.0, Na = 0.9, K = 0.8 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  16. Bond Polarity: Nonpolar Nonpolar covalent bond • Electrons are shared between atoms with the same electronegativity values. • Difference = 0 • Examples: N2 = 3.0 - 3.0 = 0 Br2 = 2.8 - 2.8 = 0 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  17. Bond Polarity: Polar Polar covalent bond • Electrons are shared between atoms with different electronegativity values. • Difference 0.1 to 1.6 • Examples: O-Cl (3.5-3.0) = 0.5 O-S (3.5 - 2.5) = 1.0 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  18. Bond Polarity: Ionic Ionic bond • Electrons are transferred between atoms • Difference is greater than 1.6 • Examples: NaCl (0.9 - 3.0) = 2.1 KF (0.8 - 4.0) = 3.2 LecturePLUS Timberlake

  19. Learning Check C5 Identify the type of bond between the following atoms (electronegativity values Na 0.9, K 0.8, N 3.0, Cl 3.0, O 3.5): A. K-N 1) nonpolar 2) polar 3) ionic B. N-O 1) nonpolar 2) polar 3) ionic C. Cl-Cl 1) nonpolar 2) polar 3) ionic LecturePLUS Timberlake

  20. Solution C5 Identify the type of bond between the following atoms (electronegativity values Na 0.9, K 0.8, N 3.0, Cl 3.0, O 3.5): A. K-N 3) ionic B. N-O 2) polar C. Cl-Cl 1) nonpolar LecturePLUS Timberlake

  21. Polyatomic Ions A group of atoms with an overall charge. NH4+ ammonium OH- hydroxide NO3- nitrate NO2- nitrite CO32- ______________ HCO3- hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) LecturePLUS Timberlake

  22. More Polyatomic Ions Sulfur SO42- sulfate SO32- sulfite HSO4-hydrogen sulfate HSO3- hydrogen sulfite Phosphate PO43- phosphate PO33- ____________ HPO42- _______________________________ H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate LecturePLUS Timberlake

  23. Naming Ternary Compounds • Contain at least 3 elements • Name the nonmetals as a polyatomic ion • Examples: NaNO3 Sodium nitrate K2SO4 Potassium sulfate Al(HCO3)3 Aluminum bicarbonate or aluminum hydrogen carbonate LecturePLUS Timberlake

  24. Learning Check C6 Match each set with the correct name: A.Na2CO31) magnesium sulfite MgSO32) magnesium sulfate MgSO43) sodium carbonate B. Ca(HCO3)21) calcium carbonate CaCO32) calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 3) calcium bicarbonate LecturePLUS Timberlake

  25. Solution C6 A.Na2CO33) sodium carbonate MgSO31) magnesium sulfite MgSO42) magnesium sulfate B. Ca(HCO3)23) calcium bicarbonate CaCO31) calcium carbonate Ca3(PO4)2 2) calcium phosphate LecturePLUS Timberlake

  26. Learning Check C7 A. aluminum nitrate 1) AlNO3 2) Al(NO)3 3) Al(NO3)3 B. copper(II) nitrate 1) CuNO3 2) Cu(NO3)2 3) Cu2(NO3) C. Iron (III) hydroxide 1) FeOH 2) Fe3OH 3) Fe(OH)3 D. Tin(IV) hydroxide 1) Sn(OH)4 2) Sn(OH)2 3) Sn4(OH) LecturePLUS Timberlake

  27. Solution C7 A. aluminum nitrate 3) Al(NO3)3 B. copper(II) nitrate 2) Cu(NO3)2 C. Iron (III) hydroxide 3) Fe(OH)3 D. Tin(IV) hydroxide 1) Sn(OH)4 LecturePLUS Timberlake

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