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THE MEDIEVAL WORLD

THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. The Middle Ages 800 – 1500 AD. THE MIDDLE AGES. Two general time periods Early Middle Ages 800 – 1215 Big Picture: Rome fell in 456 AD, leaving Europe without a strong empire. Christianity spreads, as well as new political systems High Middle Ages 1000 – 1500

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THE MEDIEVAL WORLD

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  1. THE MEDIEVAL WORLD The Middle Ages 800 – 1500 AD

  2. THE MIDDLE AGES • Two general time periods • Early Middle Ages • 800 – 1215 • Big Picture: Rome fell in 456 AD, leaving Europe without a strong empire. Christianity spreads, as well as new political systems • High Middle Ages • 1000 – 1500 • Big Picture: Feudalism is replaced by growth of cites/towns. Trade increases, religion remains a constant in people’s lives

  3. BACKGROUND • Fall of Rome in 476: • Lack of strong central government • Dark period for all of Europe • Constant invasions: Vikings, Muslim Turks • Scant resources • Roman Catholic Church • Fills void left by collapse of classical world • Controlled about 1/3 of land in western Europe

  4. BACKGROUND (continued) • Invasions = European life reorganized: FEUDALISM • Social, political, economic system • Economic system: MANORIALISM • England, France, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Portugual • Example: William the Conqueror divided England into fiefs

  5. GEOGRAPHY

  6. SOCIAL: Early Middle Ages • FEUDALISM was a political, economic and social system based on loyalty and military service.

  7. SOCIAL: Early Middle Ages and Feudalism • Life centered around manors = manorialism • Castle or manor • Mill • Farm land • Church • Peasant village • Little mobility – hard to move up in social class

  8. SOCIAL: Early Middle Ages and Feudalism

  9. SOCIAL: Feudalism • Road to Knighthood: • KNIGHT • SQUIRE • PAGE • Chivalry • “Chivalry is not dead!” • Code of honor & behavior

  10. SOCIAL: Early Middle Ages and Women • Eleanor of Aquitaine • Inherited land, born into wealth • Age 15 = married king of France • Later in life married Henry II of England • Added to the lands she owned • Allowed to rule over French lands • Marriage fell apart = imprisoned for 15 years until husband’s death

  11. SOCIAL: Early Middle Ages and Women • Eleanor of Aquitaine • Crusades: • Holy Wars that Christians waged to take Holy Land back from Muslim • During Crusades, she: • Joined 100’s of friends • Volunteered to tend wounded soldiers in the war • Described as wearing armor and carrying a lance

  12. SOCIAL: High Middle Ages • Small, crowded cites • Tenement style buildings • No public sanitation facilities • trash, waste in streets • Leads to Bubonic Plague • High crime, violence • Church, eating halls, markets for socializing • Trade organizations: guilds • Also provided opportunities for socializing

  13. SOCIAL: High Middle Ages Black Death aka Bubonic Plague • First appeared in China • Between 1347 and 1353 • Spread by fleas on rats in crowded cities, filthy conditions • Global epidemic • Killed one in three Europeans (25,000,000) • Halted growth of population, trade, industry, cultural exchange

  14. SOCIAL: High Middle Ages and Women • Joan of Arc • Lived 1412 – 1431 • Hundred Years War: England vs. France; Who was heir to French throne • Catholic, claimed saints told her to lead French in battle • At 17, given a small army to lead; several victories! • Captured, condemned as heretic, burned at the stake • Later cleared of all charges and made a saint

  15. POLITICAL: Charlemagne800 AD • King of Franks, proclaimed “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope Leo III • Europe unified for first time since Fall of Rome • Established a permanent capital in modern day Germany • Couldn’t oversee entire empire • Appointed local administrators who were loyal = counts

  16. POLITICAL/RELIGION: The Church in the West • Lines dividing politics & religion blurred • Roman Catholic Church reunited most parts of Western Europe (Charlemagne) • Religious ceremonies important to daily life • Largest landholder • Gained wealth thru tithing • Tithing: specified donation amount • Often clashed with authority of Kings • Church had own laws/courts

  17. POLITICAL/RELIGIOUS: The Crusades in the East • 1090’s Muslims invade Byzantine Empire • Conquered Holy Land (Jerusalem) • Christians/Muslims/Jews all considered it their Holy Land • Pope calls for crusade to free the land • “crusades” from Latin = cross • Those who volunteered called crusaders, meaning took Jesus’ cross upon them • Nine crusades over approx. 200 years • Richard the Lion Hearted • Only king who actually fought in Holy Land

  18. Outcomes: Cultural diffusion & increased trade Kings gained additional land/power Europeans viewed non-Christians as enemies Persecution of Jews in Europe; Jews & Muslims in Holy Land Cities grew: feudalism begins to phase out Merchants Especially wealthy Italian city-states: Venice, Florence POLITICAL/RELIGIOUS: The Crusades in the East

  19. INTELLECTUAL • Magna Carta, 1215 • Great Britain • Literally “great charter” • Basic message: monarchs were not above the law • Limited the power of the king • Consult with council of advisors • Today’s British parliament • Two houses • Could not arbitrarily tax

  20. The Magna Carta • Considered to be one of the documents our Constitution • based on.

  21. INTELLECTUAL • Romanesque Architecture • Rounded arches • Barrel vaults • Thick walls • Darker, simplistic interiors • Small windows, usually at the top of the wall • Developed into Gothic architecture

  22. INTELLECTUAL • Gothic architecture • Pointed arches • High narrow vaulted ceilings • Flying buttresses • Elaborate, ornate interior • Stained glass windows

  23. Stained glass window Chartres Cathedral Circa 1612 Interior Chartres Cathedral • Our Lady of Chartres Cathedral • Chartres, France • Built 1193 – 1250 • 176 stained glass windows, most still intact • Windows removed in 1939 prior to Germany invasion during WWII.

  24. INTELLECTUAL • Illumination • Most common: large first letter on a page, brought religious texts to life • Tapestry • Most art religious; some scenes from history or daily life • Hung in castles; prevented drafts • Bayeux Tapestry • Tells story of a major victory over England • http://www.cosmolearning.com/videos/bayeux-tapestry-animated-version/

  25. INTELLECTUAL: Art Illuminated manuscripts from The Book of Kells, circa 800, a Latin edition of the four gospels; on dislpay at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. Trinity was founded by Queen Elizabeth I in 1592.

  26. INTELLECTUAL • Literature • The Canterbury Tales • Geoffrey Chaucer • Movie: A Knight’s Tale loosely based on this story • Increased use of written English; wealthy spoke French at this time • The Divine Comedy • Dante Alighieri • Trip through afterlife in 3 parts: Hell, Purgatory and Paradise • Increased used of written Italian • Universities

  27. TECHNOLOGY • Printing Press • Johannes Gutenberg • Moveable type; 1st book printed = bible in1456 • Books readily available • Literacy and ideas spread rapidly

  28. ECONOMIC: Early Middle Ages • Manors self-sufficient • All economic activity took place on manor • King • Gave: land to lords, protection • Received: money, military service, advice • Lords • Gave: land grant to knights, protection to king • Received: Money from serfs, military service from knights, protection from King • Knights • Gave: protection to the lord, King • Received: crops & labor from serfs, military pay • Serfs • Gave: labor, crops • Received: land to farm

  29. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

  30. ECONOMIC: High Middle Ages • Trade increases after Crusades • Cities develop all over Europe • Italian cities in south dominate trade: • Venice, Genoa, Florence, Pisa, Milan • Wealth leads to the Renaissance • Northern Germany dominates trade in north • Commodities traded included furs, textiles, wool, wine, gold, slaves, dried fruits, spices, silk

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