Prenatal Development and the Newborn

1. Prenatal Development and the Newborn • Developmental Psychology • a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

2. Developmental Psychology

3. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Life is sexually transmitted

4. Prenatal Development and the Newborn • Zygote • the fertilized egg • enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division • develops into an embryo • Embryo • the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month • Fetus • the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

5. Prenatal Development and the Newborn 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months

6. Prenatal Development and the Newborn • Teratogens • agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking • symptoms include misproportioned head

7. Prenatal Development and the Newborn • Rooting Reflex • tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek • Preferences • human voices and faces • facelike images--> • smell and sound of mother preferred

8. Prenatal Development and the Newborn • Habituation • decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

9. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Having habituated to the old stimulus, newborns preferred gazing at a new one

10. At birth 3 months 15 months Cortical Neurons Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development • Maturation • biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior • relatively uninfluenced by experience

11. Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development • Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).

12. Developmental Psychology

13. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development • Schema • a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

14. Developing A Scheme These are groobles: These are not groobles:

15. Developing a Scheme These are groobles: These are not groobles:

16. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development • Assimilation • interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas • Accommodation • adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

17. Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Phenomena Birth to nearly 2 years Sensorimotor Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) • Object permanence • developing • Stranger anxiety About 2 to 6 years Preoperational Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning • Pretend play • Egocentrism • (theory of mind) • Language development About 7 to 11 years Concrete operational Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations • Conservation • (a similar task for us?) • Mathematical transformations About 12 through adulthood Formal operational Abstract reasoning • Abstract logic • Potential for moral reasoning Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

18. Language • Babbling Stage • beginning at 3 to 4 months • the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language • One-Word Stage • from about age 1 to 2 • the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words

19. Language • Two-Word Stage • beginning about age 2 • the stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements • Telegraphic Speech • early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram-–“go car”--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words

20. Language development • Overgeneralization  -  When children apply a grammatical rule across all members of a grammatical class (e.g. verbs) without making the appropriate • Overextension  -  When children use a word to refer to a class of objects that is broader than in adult usage. For instance, using "dog" to refer to all four- legged creatures.

21. Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage Babbles many speech sounds. 4 Babbling reveals households language. 10 12 One-word stage. 24 Two-world, telegraphic speech. 24+ Language develops rapidly into complete sentences. Language

22. Developmental Psychology

23. Social Development • Stranger Anxiety • fear of strangers that infants commonly display • beginning by about 8 months of age • Attachment • an emotional tie with another person • shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation

24. Social Development • Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments • Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother

25. Baby monkeys derive security from cloth mothers Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.

26. Social Development • Basic Trust (Erik Erikson) • a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy • said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers • Self-Concept • a sense of one’s identity and personal worth

27. Mary Ainsworth strange situation test • Secure attachment • Insecure and ambivalent attachments

28. Social Development • Critical Period • an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development • Imprinting • the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

29. Parental authority questionnaire • 1,6,10,13,15,17,19,21,24,28 • 2,3,7,9,12,16,18,25,26,29 • 4,5,8,11,15,20,22,23,27,30

30. Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices • Authoritarian • parents impose rules and expect obedience • “Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.” • Permissive (Indulgent or Indifferent) • submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment • Authoritative • both demanding and responsive • set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion

31. Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices

32. Developmental Psychology

33. Adolescence • Adolescence • the transition period from childhood to adulthood • extending from puberty to independence • Puberty • the period of sexual maturation • when a person becomes capable of reproduction

34. Adolescence • Primary Sex Characteristics • body structures that make sexual reproduction possible • ovaries--female • testes--male • external genitalia • Secondary Sex Characteristics • nonreproductive sexual characteristics • female--breast and hips • male--voice quality and body hair • Menarche(meh-NAR-key) • first menstrual period

35. Height in centimeters 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Age in years Boys Girls Adolescence • Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.

36. Timing of physical changes • Early maturation • Good for boys • Better athletes because of size and strength • More popular, self-assured, independent • But some increased risk for alcohol use and premature sexual activity • Bad for girls • Stressful. Can be out of sync with peers and hang out with older kids • May become victim of teasing or sexual harassment • Treated as if older than is appropriate

38. Body Changes at Puberty

39. Developmental Psychology

40. Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder • As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world. Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Postconventional level Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

42. Approximate age Stage Description of Task Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants (1st year) develop a sense of basic trust. Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks (3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying (6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

43. Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20’s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60’s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

44. Timeline?

45. Adolescence: Social Development • Identity • one’s sense of self • the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles • Intimacy • the ability to form close, loving relationships • a primary developmental task in late adolescence and earlyadulthood

46. Marcia’s Identity Statuses • Identity diffusion • No sense of having choices; not yet make (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment • Identity Foreclosure • Willing to commit to some relevant roles, values or goals for future. Not experienced an identity crisis. Tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future. Not explored a range of options • Identity Moratorium • Currently in in a crisis, exploring various commitments and ready to make choices, but has not make a commitment to these choices yet • Identity Achievement • Gone through a crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity (role or value) that he or she has chosen

47. Adolescent egocentrism • Belief by teenagers that they are special and unique • Accompanies the attainment of new mental abilities. (formal operational thought • Ability to think about their own thought and thought of others.

48. Flaw: They assume that since they spend a considerable amount of time thinking about themselves, others must be doing the same thing. • Imaginary audience • Personal fable

49. 100% 80 60 40 20 0 Percent with positive, warm interaction with parents 2 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in years Adolescence: Social Development • The changing parent-child relationship

50. Developmental Psychology