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DNA

DNA. DNA. Chromosomes, Eukarotic. Chromosomes, Bacterial. Note: Closed, Circular, Singular, and Haploid. Gene. E. coli = 5 million bp Phage T4 = 170,000 bp. Gene. Alleles. Big Difference between many Eucaryotes and most Bacteria: Bacteria, as Haploids, Express all of their Alleles.

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DNA

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  1. DNA

  2. DNA

  3. Chromosomes, Eukarotic

  4. Chromosomes, Bacterial Note: Closed, Circular, Singular, and Haploid

  5. Gene E. coli = 5 million bp Phage T4 = 170,000 bp

  6. Gene

  7. Alleles Big Difference between many Eucaryotes and most Bacteria: Bacteria, as Haploids, Express all of their Alleles Alleles simply are different Nucleotide Sequences found at the same Location on Different Chromosomes Usually the differences are quite subtle, e.g., one or two nucleotides different

  8. Mutations New Alleles arise via Mutation The new Allelles may or may not be Functionally Different

  9. GAAGCGTT GAAACGTT CTTCGCAA CTTCGCAA  GAAGCGTT GAAACGTT CTTCGCAA CTTTGCAA  Mutations

  10. Auxotroph & Prototroph Prototrophic: microbes that live on a minimal growth medium + inorganic salts + energy source. Auxotrophic: mutant microbes must be supplied with certain additional nutrients to grow.

  11. Auxotroph & Prototroph Neurospora crassa Wt are ad+ leu + Auxotrophs are: ad leu ad+ leu+ ad+/leu+ Control

  12. Prototrophic: Only dividing cells in minimal media • Auxotrophs Prototrophs are killed Unaffected by penicillin because then are not dividing Killed by penicillin Addition Selecting for Auxotrophs • Plate the auxotrophs on plates with various supplements to test for phenotypes Wash cells, remove penicillin and grow auxotrophs!

  13. Filtration Selection for Auxotrophs

  14. Selection for Prototroph Revertants

  15. Transcription Certain viruses have genes consisting of single-stranded RNA These viruses can be either plus-stranded or minus-stranded Plus-stranded RNA can serve as mRNA Minus-stranded RNA serve as templates for the synthesis of mRNA

  16. Transcription

  17. Link to Next Presentation

  18. Acknowledgements www.uta.edu/biology/mcallister/ 5312/download/14_Mutation.ppt homepage.smc.edu/bober_mary/Bio%2022/ gene%20mut%20web1.ppt

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