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Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, 1950-1975

Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, 1950-1975. Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, 1945-1965. Origins of Social Movements Moderate Approaches to Change Native Americans Mexican Americans Commonalities. Native Self-Determination. World War Two Over 25,000 served 100,000, including industry

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Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, 1950-1975

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  1. Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, 1950-1975

  2. Civil Wrongs and Civil Rights, 1945-1965 • Origins of Social Movements • Moderate Approaches to Change • Native Americans • Mexican Americans • Commonalities

  3. Native Self-Determination • World War Two • Over 25,000 served • 100,000, including industry • All branches of military • Higher rates of volunteerism • Women and men • Integrated units • Stereotypes

  4. Experiences • Plains nations had highest participation • John Horse (Kiowa) Bronze Star/Purple Heart • Clarence Tinker (Osage) General in Hawaii • Ernest Childers (Muscogee) Medal of Honor • Ira Hayes (Pima) Flag on Iwo Jima

  5. Women in the War • Women’s Air Corps • WAVES • Nursing • Education • Off-Reservation • Urbanization

  6. Navajo Code Talkers • Marines • Navajo soldiers • Code in Navajo • Unintelligible to Navajo speakers • South Pacific • Axis never broke it

  7. Significance • Away from home • Multi-tribal • White world (racism & “the system”) • Common problems • Consciousness • Honor and service • Protect community and nation

  8. Post War Legacy • Education/poverty • War Veterans • Post-war activism • Arizona and New Mexico • AZ: All barred • NM: “Not taxed” • Challenged in 1948

  9. National Congress of American Indians • WWII experiences & boarding schools • New awareness of common needs, national organizations • Legacy of SAI (ended 1925) • 1944 Denver, CO • Collective political action • Community support

  10. The NCAI • Ruth Muskrat Bronson (Cherokee) • D’Arcy McNickle (Salish-Kootenai) • Archie Phinney (Nez Perce) • Charlie Heacock (Lakota) • Voting rights, legal aid, education, health, sovereignty, political lobbying, land rights

  11. Post-War Termination Agenda • Post-War shift in Indian policy • End federal trust relationship • Environment of post-war conservatism Dissolve reservations • Assimilate land and culture • Cynically borrowed rhetoric from Civil Rights Movement • “Rural ghettos,” “segregation,” “liberate Indians”

  12. Indian Claims Commission • Created in 1946 • Compensation • End federal relations • “Get out of the Indian business” • Extended ICC until 1978 • $880 million

  13. Relocation & Urbanization -1951: Branch of Placement & Relocation -Employment, training, bus tickets, housing -Chicago, L.A., Denver, Dallas, Salt Lake -1960: 30% in urban areas -Detribalize

  14. Termination Specifically • Terminate the relationship between tribal governments and the federal government • Dissolve reservations • Counties, taxable lands, “alienable” • Assimilation • Land loss • Worked with relocation and ICC

  15. Characteristics -Acculturation -Economy -Stance on Termination -Stance of state Three Categories -Immediate Termination -10 year “probation” -Indefinite 1953: House Concurrent Resolution 108

  16. Klamath Menominee Flathead Hupas Osages Potawatomis Iroquois California Mission Indians Over 100 Targeted

  17. Native Reactions • NCAI gained importance • Native communities fought ICC • Opposed Termination agenda • Increased activism by early 1960s • Termination agenda backfired…..

  18. Significance • Roots of Modern Indian Movement • Reactions to termination • Urban communities • New identities & multi-tribalism • Self-determination • National Congress of American Indians • Spawned new generation of younger activists dissatisfied with NCAI

  19. Mexican American Civil Rights • Service in the War • Discrimination in employment, education, social services, and second class citizenship in the Southwest • Legacy of agricultural labor and recent urbanization • History of Labor Movement • Immigration, changing policies, proximity of Mexico

  20. World War Two & Desegregation

  21. Before Brown v. Board of Education • 1945: Orange County parents Gonzalo & Felicitas Mendez won a class action lawsuit against segregated districts • 1946: LULAC chapters across TX, AZ, NM, CA

  22. Continued • 1948: LULAC helped with Delgado v. Bastrop Independent School District, which ended de jure seg in Texas

  23. LULAC

  24. Politics and Community • 1947: Community Service Organization est. in LA for voter registration • 1949: Edward Roybal was first Mex-Am elected to LA City Council since 1881

  25. Raymond Telles • 1915 Segundo Barrio • WPA • Army Veteran • 1948 County Clerk • 1957 Became mayor • 1959 Re-elected • Democratic ticket, voter registration

  26. Organizations • 1949: Asociacion Nacional Mexicano-Americana • Peace, labor, housing, police brutality in S.W. • 1948: American G.I. Forum, Texas • Vets, patriotic, Education, Civil Rights, discrimination • Dr. Hector Perez Garcia (Pres. Medal of Honor)

  27. Mexican American Political Association • Established in 1960 • Social change required political activism • Dissatisfaction with Democratic Party • Public office & “Mex-American” Issues

  28. African American Civil Rights Movement in the West • World War II • Urbanization and Westward Migration • Cities: L.A., Bay Area, Seattle, Portland • Black Seattle had 53% higher median income • Segregation and discrimination • 1944 Smith v. Allwright eliminated the all-white primary in Texas • Urban League and NAACP

  29. Desegregation • Mexican American cases • 1951: State Rep Hayzel Daniels helped pass successful legislation for voluntary desegregation • Phoenix refused • 1952: Black students refused admission to Phoenix High School • Two judges invalidated segregation laws

  30. Ada Sipuel • Denied admission to the University of Oklahoma Law School in 1946. NAACP sued. • Sipuel became one of the first African American women to sit on the board of regents of Oklahoma State University.

  31. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (the West) • 100,000 blacks in Topeka • Schools anchored the racial apartheid • 20 children • Rev. Oliver Brown and daughter, Linda • Started 1951, reached U.S. Supreme Court in 1954

  32. Struggle for Racial Equality • Direct action & non-violent civil disobedience • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • Demonstrations, sit-ins, boycotts, picketing for desegregation and job discrimination

  33. Albuquerque, NM • 1947: Oklahoma Joe’s restaurant denied service to Af. Am. student George Long • School paper reported discrimination • UNM Student Association decided to boycott the store • Desegregated it and others across the city • Long became a law student and helped write the city civil rights ordinance, and then the state ordinance in 1955: nine years before the 1964 U.S. law

  34. Civil Rights Activity in the West • 1958: 4 week protests in Wichita. NAACP & students • 1959: OK City, NAACP sit-ins at Walgreens • City-wide boycott of segregated businesses • Charlton Heston crossed picket lines • 1964: City Council barred segregation in public areas

  35. Civil Rights Successes • 1964 Civil Rights Act • 1965 Voting Rights Act • “Triumph” of moderate reform • Best of liberal America • Legislative strategies • Appearance of solving problems

  36. The Great Society • Term used to describe legislation and programs started by JFK but expanded (and initiated by) Johnson between 1963 and 1968 • Broad array of programs to expand participation in mainstream of American economic, social, and political life • Based on the idea that America is wealthy enough to help the poor and disenfranchised

  37. Assumptions • Individual weaknesses and initiative • Not structural change or institutional reform • Top Down, not grass roots • Cold War Welfare State • Raise people up to avoid allure of communism • “Guns and Butter”

  38. War on Poverty • Head Start • Preschool • Upward Bound • Disadvantaged and “troubled” youth • Job Corps • High school retention • VISTA • “Domestic Peace Corps”

  39. Opportunities • Office of Economic Opportunity • Conservative approach to job access • Traditional view on poverty: individual maladjustment, culture of poverty • Community Action Programs • Political participation at the local level • Backfired and created too much democracy

  40. Additional Programs • Medicare: 1965 step towards national health care system • Medicaid: 1966 step to help the poor with welfare assistance, employment access • Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 • Housing and Urban Development • Department of Transportation • Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

  41. Conclusions • Legacy of World War Two • Education and access • Desegregation and civil rights • Gov’t support and liberal reforms • Conservative measures • Legalistic and moralistic • Anti-communism • American Consensus

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