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Words and Word-formation Processes

Words and Word-formation Processes. Chapter 5 Ms. Abrar Mujaddidi. Introduction. We quickly understand new words in our language and accept the use of new forms of that new word. There is a lot of regularities in the word-formation processes in our language.

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Words and Word-formation Processes

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  1. Words and Word-formation Processes Chapter 5 Ms. Abrar Mujaddidi

  2. Introduction • We quickly understand new words in our language and accept the use of new forms of that new word. • There is a lot of regularities in the word-formation processes in our language. • In this chapter, we explore some of the processes of creating new words in a language.

  3. Etymology • The study of the origin and history of a word is known as etymology. • We should view the constant evolution of the words as a reassuring sign of vitality of the langusge.

  4. Coinage • Coinage is the invention of totally new terms. • Sources of coined words: 1. Trade names of commercial products that become general terms. e.g. aspirin, kleenex, teflon, xerox. 2. New words based on the name of a person or a place. e.g. hoover, jeans, sandwich.

  5. Borrowing • Borrowing is taking over words from other languages. • English borrows from other languages. e.g. sofa, lilac, croissant • Many languages borrow from English e.g. Japanese. supaamaaketto

  6. cont., • Loan translation: Direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. • Many languages translated the term ‘skyscraper’ into its own vocabulary. • Compare between borrowing and loan-translation?

  7. Compounding • Compounding is the joining of two separate words to produce a single form. • Compounding is very common in English and German. • E.g. Compound nouns: Bookcase, doorknob, sunburn Compound adjectives: low-paid, good-looking

  8. Blending • The combination of to separate forms to produce a single form is blending. • BUT Blending is accomplished by taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. • E.g. Smog (smoke + fog) brunch (breakfast + lunch) Spanglish (spanish + English)

  9. Clipping • Clipping occurs when a word with more than one syllable is is reduced to a shorter form. • E.g. gas (gasoline) fan (fanatic) ad ( advertisement)

  10. cont., • A special type of reduction is hypocorisms: a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then a –y or –ie • E.g. movie (moving picture) hankie (handkerchief)

  11. Backformation • In backformation, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb). • E.g. Televise (television) donate (donation) babysit (babysitter)

  12. Conversion • Conversion is a change in the function of the word without any reduction. • 1. Noun to a verb butter to butter 2. verb to a noun to spy a spy 3. verb to adjective see through a see-through material

  13. Acronyms • Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. • e.g. CD (compact disk) VCR (video cassette recorder) laser MADD ATM

  14. Derivation • Derivation is accomplished by the use of affixes. Affixes prefixesinfixes suffixes added to the not used added to the beginning of in standard end of the word a word English -ful or -less un- or dis-

  15. Multiple Processes • It is possible to trace the operation of more than one process in the creation of a particular word. e.g. Deli snowball

  16. See you next class read chapter 7 please!!

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