Rural Adventure Tourism and Social Entrepreneurship: Practices and Trends BEST Educational Network Think Tank June 22,

1. Rural Adventure Tourism and Social Entrepreneurship:Practices and TrendsBEST Educational Network Think TankJune 22, 2007 Christina Heyniger, Xola Consulting Kristin Lamoureux, George Washington University

2. Outline • Understanding the unlikely pairing of adventure and social work • Market Statistics indicate continued sectoral growth • Overview of study participants • Findings: • Emerging business models • Recurring challenges • Compelling successes • Emerging Best Practices • Future Possible Research Areas

3. Defining “Social Entrepreneurship” • Social entrepreneurship – Working Definition: • Social entrepreneurs use entrepreneurial principles to organize, create, and manage a venture to make social change. • Whereas business entrepreneurs typically measure performance in profit and return, social entrepreneurs assess their success in terms of the impact they have on society. • In recent years social entrepreneurs have begun leveraging tourism to help attain social improvement goals.

4. The organizations in this study are blending social and business goals in a variety of ways. • We interviewed tour operators and NGOs that blend adventure tourism with initiatives aimed at improving social and environmental problems: • Protect the Earth, Protect Yourself (PEPY) - Cambodia • Explorandes - Peru • Global Sojourns - South Africa, Tanzania, Botswana • Relief Riders International - India • Los Niňos - Mexico • Generosity in Action - Global

5. Blending tourism with social causes is a trend that continues to build. • 24% of travelers are interested in taking a volunteer or service-based vacation (TIA, 2005) • Baby boomer are a key demographic; 47% of respondents age 35-54 • International Institute of Peace through Tourism estimates 7% of all trips in 2005 had a service component (L. D’amore, 2007). • United Way partnered with Cheaptickets.com to launch a website for people planning holidays with a service component in 2007. • ASTA and Global Volunteers launched an initiative late 2006 to promote volunteer service travel as “a unique way to experience new places, people and cultures while making a positive contribution” (ASTA Website, 2006) • Youth and educational tourism accounted for 20% of global tourism market in international travel in 2002 (UNWTO World Overview, 2005). • Study of Earthwatch expeditions participants indicated that the experience altered the way they felt about implementing individual social change in a particular country (McGee, N. & Norman, W., 2002).

6. Though it may seem like an unlikely pairing, natural synergies exist between adventure tourism and social entrepreneurship. • Adventure Travel • Rural, remote • Increasingly takes people to travel in developing countries • Tries to engage travelers in cultural Interactions • Involves people pushing perceived limits of experience • Expensive, attracting travelers with disposable income (largest segment is baby boomer demographic) • Social Entrepreneurs • Often look to serve rural and remote populations • Seek to address issues in poor and developing areas of the world • Are creative people, pushing limits of known solutions to issues • Access unconventional sources of funding due to the often unconventional projects they launch

7. The adventure tourism industry has a long history of aiding local communities. • Two examples: mountaineers and river runners pioneer “best practices” • 1960s in the Himalaya: • The Khumjung School established by Sir Edmund Hillary • Educates students to read and write in their native Sherpa language and to learn skills appropriate to their environment. • Local teachers were trained and employed. • In 2005, Mountain Travel Sobek and The Nature Conservancy partner on the Upper Mekong in Yunnan, China, teaching local Chinese to operate their own river trips with MTS support. What’s new: Increasing levels of traveler participation Increasing number of companies doing community projects

8. Research Findings: Today’s Emerging Business Models • 1. The Interwoven Itinerary • Tour operators take an adventure tourism itinerary - bike, horseback riding, hiking/trekking - and include volunteer visits to villages along the route (PEPY, Explorandes, Relief Riders International) • 2. Adjust Standard Procedure to Include Tourists • NGOs and other aid or research-focused organizations (church groups for example) invite tourists to join in their work for short periods (Los Ninos) • 3. Innovations to Support Donors in Direct Giving • A general backlash against “big business” has led many philanthropists to want to give to small projects and know precisely where and how their donation is applied. • Donor-brokers focused on the adventure tourism sector take traveler desires to donate and help establish aid projects or vet existing projects (Global Sojourns’ Giving Circle, Generosity in Action)

9. Research Findings: Primary Challenges • The best intentions may sometimes have unintended consequences • Tour operators may establish dependencies they may not be in a position to serve long term; sustainability is an issue • “Voluntourists” may over time put local communities in a welfare state of mind when self empowerment, not a welfare state should be the goal • Giving what we think they need rather than what they actually need/ cultural exports • Balancing traveler expectations with the realities of humanitarian and environmentally oriented field work • For companies, balancing short range profit needs with the longer term results horizon required for social projects can be difficult

10. Research Findings: Emerging Best Practices • NGOs and Tour Companies alike can benefit from these lessons learned: • Appropriately identify community needs • Create a shared investment - communities and the traveler-volunteers must both contribute in some way • Start by identifying organizations who have history in the region before launching new initiatives that may be duplicative; seek partners • Follow up; maintain a presence in the regions you visit

11. Research Findings: Compelling Success Stories • Even with the challenges, the benefits to communities, travelers and businesses are compelling enough to warrant continued exploration. • Tour operators and NGOs • In leveraging community assets for tourists, assist destinations in enhancing and preserving their natural and cultural aspects • NGOs are able to attract funding more easily when people can experience in-country the benefits of their donation Communities • Receive aid for common needs – medical, educational, infrastructure • May develop businesses catering to tourists • Travelers • Add the emotional benefits of “giving back” to the standard list of tourism’s intangible benefits: rest, relaxation, cultural exploration, adventure • Episodic type of volunteer experience combined with travel attracts people who may not typically volunteer in their home setting

12. Possible Future Research • Academic Research and Classroom Applications: • Identify practical tools for leveraging tourism to benefit social and environmental causes • Explore relationship models between communities and tourism that integrate adventure tourism and social entrepreneurship, lessons learned, best practices. • Industry and NGO Practitioners: • Identify best practices for NGOs and tour operators seeking to incorporate social entrepreneurship into their travel products. • Explore related tourism industries for lessons learned and best practices

13. Related Literature • Brown, S. & Lehto, X. Traveling With a Purpose: Understanding the Motives and Benefits of Volunteer Vacationers. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(6) 2005 • Brown, S. & Morrison, A.M. Expanding Volunteer Vacation Participation – An Exploratory Study on the Mini Mission Concept. Tourism Recreation Research, 28(3)2003. • Mustonen, P. Volunteer Tourism: Postmodern Pilgrimage? Doctoral Thesis. Finland, 2005. • McGehee, N.G. and W.C. Norman."Alternative Tourism as Impetus for Consciousness-Raising." Tourism Analysis, 6(3/4), 2002. • Wearing, S. Volunteer Tourism: Experiences That Make a Difference. CABI Publishing, New York, 2001. • UNWTO. UNWTO World Overview, Madrid, Spain, 2005.

14. Kristin Lamoureux • Klam@gwu.edu • 202-994-8197 • Christina Heyniger • Christina@xolaconsulting.com • 202-297-2206