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Occupational Risk Factors

Human Occupation

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Occupational Risk Factors

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    1. Occupational Risk Factors A Social Approach to Healthcare

    2. Human Occupation & Health Ann Wilcock is an occupational therapist and professor of occupational science and therapy at Deakin University in Victoria, Australia, with a PhD in Public Health She is recognized as an expert in the role of human occupation as a determinant of health

    3. Health & Occupation Wilcock proposes that health, as originally defined by WHO, is achievable by participation in occupations, a “fundamental mechanism for realizing aspirations, satisfying needs and coping with one’s environment” (Wilcock, p. 149, 2005).

    4. Goals for Well-Being Ann Wilcock has identified two over-arching goals regarding the development of well-being for consumers and OT’s role 2005). 1.To enhance and enrich physical, social, mental, emotional, intellectual, and vocational capacities among clients and consumers 2. To utilize wide-ranging, age appropriate, and balanced occupations for all people

    5. Role of OT & Health Promotion (Wilcock) Assume the role as “health agents” that enable, advocate, and mediate for consumers Create supportive environments that include safe and satisfying characteristics as defined by inhabitants Empower communities to take ownership and responsible action for their own advancement Promote the personal skills and potential of all consumers in a holistic manner Research the impact of occupation on health and subsequently enlisting and educating the role of occupation among health services

    6. Public Health Public health may be defined as the “process of mobilizing local, state, national, and international resources to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy” (Detels & Breslow, 1997, p. 3)

    7. Public Health The primary source and fundamental science is epidemiology or the study and distribution, frequencies, and determinants of disease, injury, and disability in human populations Such statistics include reports on incidence, which is the number of new cases of disease, injury, or disability within a specified time frame and prevalence, which is the total number of cases of disease, injury, or disability in a community, city, state, or nation existing at one point in time

    8. Occupational Factors & Ill Health Wilcock (1998) proposes that certain occupational factors can lead to ill health, disease, disability, and death. She identifies “occupational risk factors” as 1) occupational imbalance, 2) occupational deprivation, and 3) occupational alienation.

    9. Stress & Health In accordance with the Better Health Commission’s view of the Social Determinants of Health (1986), Wilcock has postulated that stress is created from experiencing any of these 3 stated risk factors

    10. Occupational Imbalance There is an innate tendency within each of us to have one’s needs met (Maslow). Persons experience a sense of health and well-being when their physiological, sleep, mental, and social needs are filled. Imbalance is a state that occurs because people’s engagement in occupation fails to meet their unique physical, social, mental or rest needs. There is insufficient time for their own occupational interests and growth and the meeting of expectations of family, social, and community commitments (p. 138). How do OTs assess a client for occupational imbalance according to the Framework document?

    11. Occupational Deprivation Defined as the “influence of an external agency or circumstance that keeps a person from acquiring, using, or enjoying something” (p. 145). External agencies or circumstances may consist of technology, lack of employment, poverty, policies, limited social services, and education systems. Example: “Failure to Thrive” syndrome Other examples?

    12. Occupational Alienation Alienation can result when a person’s activity is not in natural accordance with our humanity. Possible sources include economic, social, spiritual, technological activities that create an unnatural shift to human behavior and life patterns. Example - our turbulent time of information technology and overload. Think about how many forms of communication you use within one day. There is direct and indirect contact such as face to face encounters, voice mail, e-mail, instant messaging, text messaging, etc. How many PIN numbers and different passwords do you have for identity correspondence? All of this information can create overload and stress as we unnaturally try to multi-task, communicate faster, or retrieve and return messages that occurred when we were busy doing something else. There is a marked urge to acquire more and more material wealth as a means to acquire happiness.

    13. What do the experts say? In summary, Christiansen and Wilcock both profess that the health conditions of this millennium are related in part to the imbalance created within social contexts and the inadvertent application of traditional medical model practice for predominantly social conditions. They advocate for the profession of occupational therapy to take heed and pro-actively establish a role in the management of these health concerns. They strongly encourage that we embrace the philosophy of social science and social health models to understand, research, and identify evidence based interventions that promote health and well-being.

    14. Resource Cole & Tufano, 2008, Chapter 5

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