Chapter 14: Punctuation

1. Chapter 14: Punctuation By: KATIE AND RENEE WOOHOOO♥♥

2. End Punctuation • Declarative sentences end with a (.) period • Interrogative sentences end with a (?) question mark • Exclamatory sentences end with a (!) exclamation point • Imperative sentences end with a (!) if it is yelled or (.) if it is spoken calmly.

3. Abbreviations that end with (.) • Initials are punctuated [W.E.B. DuBois] • Titles used with names [ Mr. Smith, Mrs. Tickle, Katie Jr.] • Organizations or companies [ Co., Inc.] • Addresses [ Ave., Rd.] • Times [ A.M., P.M.]

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5. Commas: Rule#1 • Commas separate items in a series, even before the coordinating conjunction. • Example: • The baby was happy, playful, and active. • To pitch in a World Series game, to practice medicine, and to run for mayor are all things I would like to do someday. * Don’t use a comma when there are only two items in a list.

6. Commas: Rule#2 • Use a comma to separate two or more equal adjectives that describe a noun. • Example: • A white dwarf is a tiny, dense star. A comma is used because both tiny and dense describe star

7. Comma: rule#3 • use commas before coordinating conjunctions in compound sentences. • Examples: • They had been working very hard, but they didn’t seem especially tired. • * watch out for compound verbs; they do not need a comma with the coordinating conjunction joining them. • Example: Usually we study in the morning and play basket ball in the afternoon.

8. Comma: Rule #4 • Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentences. These expressions can be in the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. • Examples: • Renee, our neighbor, is a fine student. • Naturally, Katie expects to win. • My answer is correct, I think.

9. Commas: Rule #5 • Use commas to set off nonessential phrases and clauses. Nonessential means that the information in the phrase or clause is not needed to understand the basic meaning of the sentence. • Example: • Renee, thrilled by the applause, took a bow. • The Wizard of Oz, which she saw again last week, is Katie’s favorite movie. • My older sister, Renee, will be at basketball practice until 6:00 P.M.

10. Commas: Rule #6 • Use commas to set off words used in direct address. • Examples: • Renee, please answer the door bell. • Would you show me, ma’am, where the marshmallows are?

11. Commas: Rule #7 • Use commas after introductory words, phrases, and subordinate clauses. • Examples: • Well, I think you’re wrong. • Greeted with cheering from her fans, Renee took a bow. • When you go to the store, could you please pick up a gallon of milk?

12. Commas: Rule #8 • Use commas to separate items in dates and addresses • Between date and year • Comma after the year if the sentence continues • Comma between city and state/ city and country • Example: • She was born January 26, 1988, in Cheshire, Connecticut.

13. Commas: Rule #9 • Use a comma after the greeting of a personal letter and the closing of any letter • Examples: Dear Renee, Yours Truly, Katie

15. Semicolons; • A semicolon looks much like a combination of a period and a comma, and that is just what it is. A semicolon can separate thoughts much as a period does. A semicolon can also separate items within a sentence much as a comma does. This is a semicolon 

16. Semicolons: Rule #1 • Use semicolons between independent clauses if they are not joined by and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet. • Examples: • Renee took my suitcase upstairs; she left her own travel bag in the car. • After school, Sky went to band practice; then she studied at the library for an hour.

17. Semicolons: Rule #2 • Use semicolons to link clauses only if the clauses are closely related in meaning. • Incorrect: • Uncle Ray likes potatoes; Aunt Janie prefers the beach. • Correct: • Uncle Ray likes potatoes; Aunt Janie prefers the peas and carrots.

18. Semicolons: Rule #3 • Use a semicolon rather than a comma before a coordinating conjunction to join independent clauses that contain commas. • Confusing: • I wrote Ann, Jenny, and May, and Jean notified Jim, Sam, and Sue. • Clear: • I wrote Ann, Jenny, and May; and Jean notified Jim, Sam, and Sue.

19. Semicolons: Rule #4 • Semicolons are also used between items in a series when items contain commas. • Examples: • They visited Phoenix, Arizona; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. • Mr. Schultz, my science teacher; Ms. O’Hara, my English teacher; and Mrs. Gomez, my math teacher, attended the seventh-grade picnic.

20. Colons: Rule #1 • Use a colon before a list of items, especially after expressions such as the following or as follows. • You will need these items for map work: a ruler, colored pencils, and tracing paper. • The primary colors are as follows: red, blue, and yellow. *****Do not use a colon after a verb or preposition. Omit the colon or re-word the sentence. Incorrect: Your heading should contain: your name, the date, and your period. Correct: Your heading should contain your name, the date, and your period.

21. Colons: Rules #2-4 • Use a colon between the hour and minute in time. • 8:30 a.m. • 10:00 p.m. • Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter. • Dear Mrs. Tickle: • Use a colon between chapter and verse in the Biblical references and between all titles and subtitles. • I Chronicles 22: 6-19 • “ Oral Storytelling: Making the Winter Shorter”

22. Helpful Hints ***^^ • STUDY RULESSSSS 

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