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Chapter 19: The Skeleton

Chapter 19: The Skeleton. Chapter Objectives. Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Formation of bone tissue. The structure of a long bone. Suture, symphysis and synovial joint. Roots pertaining to the skeleton. Main disorders that affect the skeleton and joints.

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Chapter 19: The Skeleton

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  1. Chapter 19: The Skeleton

  2. Chapter Objectives • Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. • Formation of bone tissue. • The structure of a long bone. • Suture, symphysis and synovial joint. • Roots pertaining to the skeleton. • Main disorders that affect the skeleton and joints. • Common methods to diagnose & treat disorders of the skeleton. • Abbreviations used in relation to the skeleton.

  3. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function

  4. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  5. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  6. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  7. Key TermsDisorders

  8. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

  9. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

  10. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

  11. Key TermsTreatment

  12. Key TermsDrugs

  13. Supplementary TermsNormal Structure and Function

  14. Supplementary TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  15. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions

  16. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

  17. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

  18. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

  19. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

  20. Supplementary TermsDiagnosis and Treatment

  21. Supplementary TermsDiagnosis and Treatment (cont’d)

  22. Abbreviations

  23. Abbreviations (cont’d)

  24. Abbreviations (cont’d)

  25. Abbreviations (cont’d)

  26. The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Appendicular skeleton Shoulder girdle Arms Hands Pelvic girdle Legs Feet Skull Spinal column Thorax

  27. Axial Skeleton • Consists of: • Skull • Cranial bones (8) • Facial bones (14) • Spinal column • Cervical vertebrae (7) • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Lumbar vertebrae (5) • Sacrum vertebrae (5 fused into 1) • Coccyx vertebrae (4 or 5 fused into 1)

  28. Axial Skeleton (cont’d) • Thorax • Ribs (12 pair) • True ribs (pairs 1-7) • False ribs (pairs 8-12) • Floating ribs (pairs 11 & 12) • Sternum

  29. Appendicular Skeleton • Attached to axial skeleton • Consists of: • Shoulder girdle • Clavicle • Scapula

  30. Appendicular Skeleton (cont’d) • Arm bones • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges

  31. Appendicular Skeleton (cont’d) • Pelvis • 2 pelvic bones • Formed of 3 fused bones • Ilium • Ischium • pubis

  32. Appendicular Skeleton (cont’d) • Leg bones • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges

  33. Skeleton Illustrated

  34. Skull

  35. Vertebral Column

  36. Pelvic Bones

  37. Roots for the Skeleton

  38. Roots for the Skeleton (cont’d)

  39. Bone Formation • Bones formed from cartilage • Ossification begins at birth and continues through adulthood • Three types of bone cells • Osteoblasts = cells that produce bone • Osteocytes = mature bone cells • Osteoclasts = involved in breakdown of bone tissue • Resorption = process of destroying bone for absorption into circulation

  40. Structure of Long Bone • Diaphysis = shaft of compact bone tissue • Yellow bone marrow located inside medullary cavity • Epiphysis = ends of spongy bone tissue • Contains red bone marrow • Covered by thin layer of cartilage

  41. Structure of Long Bone (cont’d) • Metaphysis = region between diaphysis and epiphysis • Contains epiphyseal plate (growth region) • Periosteum = thin layer of fibrous tissue covering outside of bone • Nourishes and protects bone • Generates new bone cells for growth and repair

  42. Structure of a Long Bone

  43. Roots for Bones and Joints

  44. Joints • Known as articulations • Classified by amount of movement they allow • Suture = immoveable joint • Held together by fibrous connective tissue • Symphysis = slightly moveable joint • Connected by fibrous cartilage • Synovial joint = freely moveable joint • Allow for wide range of movements

  45. Joints (cont’d) • Synovial fluid contained within diarthrotic cavity • Protects joint by cushioning and lubricating • Produced by synovial membrane • Ligaments connect articulating bones • Stabilize and strengthen synovial joints

  46. Clinical Aspects of the Skeleton • Orthopedics = study of diseases of skeletal and muscular systems • Detection: radiographs, CT, MRI, changes in blood levels of calcium and alkaline phosphatase

  47. Clinical Aspects of the Skeleton (cont’d) • Infections • Osteomyelitis = inflammation of bone • Caused by pus-forming bacteria • Tuberculosis • May spread to bone, especially long bones, wrist, and ankle bones • If in spine, called Pott disease

  48. Clinical Aspects of the Skeleton (cont’d) • Fractures • Break in bone • Usually caused by trauma • Effects depend on: • Location • Severity • Closed fracture (skin not broken) • Open fracture (accompanied by skin wound)

  49. Types of Fractures

  50. Fracture Treatment • Reduction of fracture • Realignment of broken bone • Closed - no surgery required • Open - requires surgery for proper positioning • Healing phase • Splint or cast often needed • Bone immobilized • Traction

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