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Cell Growth and Survival

Cell Growth and Survival. Biology 2013 Fall Semester. Review:. Cell theory :. All living things are made of cells . Cells are the basic unit of function and structure in living things. Living cells come only from other living cells. Prokaryotes are …. unicellular b acteria.

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Cell Growth and Survival

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  1. Cell Growth and Survival Biology 2013 Fall Semester

  2. Review: Cell theory: • All living things are made of cells. • Cells are the basic unit of function and structure in living things. • Living cells come only from other living cells.

  3. Prokaryotes are … unicellular bacteria Strep bacteria Small! Salmonella bacteria

  4. Eukaryotes are… Plants, animals… humans!

  5. Plant Inputs: Plant outputs: Plant inputs & outputs Carbon dioxide oxygen water water glucose Sunlight Minerals -------------------- Growth, heat

  6. Animal Inputs: Animal outputs: Animal & Human inputs & outputs Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Water Food Waste

  7. All cells capture & use energy Plant cells Animal cells! Prokaryotic bacteria

  8. CELLS & ENERGY • Need energy to: • move • change shape • repair structure • make new cell parts • transport food • expel wastes

  9. Plants absorb Sunlight during Photosynthesis Photosynthesis part 1: Light-Dependent Reaction • inputs: water + sunlight Location: thylakoids in the chloroplasts Light energy used to split water (H20). H’s (hydrogens) stay and O’s (oxygen) is released. Output: oxygen

  10. Then the stroma builds glucose during the Calvin Cyle • The Calvin Cycle • Location:Stroma (space) inside chloroplasts • Inputs: carbon dioxide • C from CO2 is used to build C6H12O6 =glucose Plants=autotrophs

  11. Once you make glucose(plants) or eat glucose (animals & humanss) then you need to get energy from glucose using…

  12. Cellular Respiration- Organic compounds (GLUCOSE) broken down to create energy/ATP *Inputs: oxygen + glucose *Outputs: energy (ATP) + water + carbon dioxide

  13. So, once cells have their inputs & energy, how long can they live? What is the life cycle of a cell? Can/could a cell live forever?

  14. The Cell Cycle is the life cycle of a cell • One eukaryotic cell: • Grows (copies DNA, organelles) • Divides exactly in half, Maintains same size, same structure = 2 identical cells

  15. Interphase: G1 • During this phase, the eukaryotic cell • Duplicates every organelle • Increases in size

  16. Interphase: S-phase • S= Synthesis = to make • Replicates DNA • 1 strand DNA 2 identical strands DNA

  17. Interphase: G2 • Restriction Checkpoint: • IF the cell contents are perfect, then cell proceeds to M-phase (cell division). • IF there were mistakes, then apoptosis occurs (induced cell death).

  18. M-phase • M=Mitosis=splitting of cell’s nucleus • Nucleus divides in half first • WHY should this happen first?? Ends with cytokinesis (cell splits in half) Animal cell in anaphase Plant cell in anaphase

  19. Cells are identical because… They have the exact same DNA as the parent cell

  20. Cyclins (proteins) make sure cells grow and divide properly

  21. When cell division goes wrong… If a mistake happens during interphase and a cell is able to get past the restriction checkpoint at the end of interphase, THEN a cell has the potential to divide forever = CANCER Henritta Lacks

  22. Immortal Cells Immortal cell: a cell that doesn’t age; a cell that doesn’t die from old age; a cell that never dies. There is no restriction checkpoint to stop the cell from dividing. (There are no cyclins to stop or allow division). Cancer cells are considered to be immortal because they never die of old age. HeLa cells, cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks, have been dividing continuously since 1951.

  23. What is Cancer? • Cancer is a cell that doesn’t stop dividing. • One cancer cell tumor (mass of cells) • Mestasis (cancer cells break off and spread to other parts of your body).

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