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Changing Rural Livelihoods in South-east Asia: Constraints and Opportunities

Changing Rural Livelihoods in South-east Asia: Constraints and Opportunities. Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, PhD. Associate Professor Regional and Rural Development Planning School of Environment, Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology Thailand. Outline. Poverty and Inequality

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Changing Rural Livelihoods in South-east Asia: Constraints and Opportunities

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  1. Changing Rural Livelihoods in South-east Asia: Constraints and Opportunities Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, PhD. Associate Professor Regional and Rural Development Planning School of Environment, Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology Thailand

  2. Outline • Poverty and Inequality • Food Security • Human Capital: Education • Gender and Human development • Globalization and its effects on the livelihoods • Changes brought by ICT • Vulnerability from Climate Change

  3. Poverty in Southeast Asia Source: Asian development Bank,2017

  4. Poverty • The largest reductions in poverty have been for those countries – Thailand, Malaysia and Viet Nam accomplishing the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG) • Poverty incidence among ethnic minorities is the highest in the country and pace of poverty reduction slowest.

  5. Inequality of income in South East Asia countries

  6. Inequality of income distribution in Thailand Bangkok has the highest inequality rate while the least poverty in Thailand

  7. Food Security • Majority of the countries still have more than one quarter of their children undernourished • In Indonesia each 10% increase in rice price is found to reduce the spending power of the poorest tenth of the population by 2 per cent. • Accurate and timely information concerning supplies of rice and other food commodities plays a vital role in ensuring food security in the region.

  8. Global Food Security Index (GFSI)

  9. GFSI, 2017 http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country Nutrition, Diversification….Rice

  10. 53

  11. Education • Overall quality of education in rural areas is generally poor. • Drop-out rate for children and youth leaving the education system after the primary school level is very high • Many school leavers fail to acquire adequate literacy or vocational/livelihood skills.

  12. Education (contd.) • Net enrolment rate in secondary level in every country has increased especially in Cambodia, Indonesia, and Myanmar and the increment is over 10%. • Net enrolment rate in secondary level is still low compared to primary school except in Malaysia and Thailand.

  13. Educational inequality in Thailand ・Tuition fee(Until graduate from high school ) : free ・The other charge(uniform, stationary etc…) : free ※These expenses and textbook fee will be paid at a fixed amount for the number of students from the state to the school. • Thebudgetoflarge-scale schools⇨ Large • These largeschools are concentrated in urban area such as Bangkok…. • In the rural areas, they have a problem of accessibility to the school • The percentage of students go to university ⇨ Urban : Rural = 7:3 [ Inequality between Urban and Rural areas ] A Study of community and school education in northeastern Thailand, Chiaki YAMASHIRO et.al. http://reposit.lib.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/bitstream/2298/35847/3/KKK0065_091-103.pdf

  14. What Causes educationalinequality? In Thailand, both the improvement of infrastructure in the rural areas and improving the education system including budget is needed.

  15. Girl’s Education • Without education, women enter a vicious circle marked by • Fewer opportunities for employment • Early marriage • Poor child health care • Limited knowledge of contraceptive use, and fertility.

  16. Changes brought by ICT • Technology is trying to bring the society closer together but the result is fragmentation of the society as the inequality becomes visible. • Digital divide further creates an environment of competition for more and specialized skilled personnel thus affecting the unskilled rural people.

  17. Vulnerability from Climate Change • Climate change causes many disasters • The worst affected group is the farmers • Shortage of land areas for agriculture due to increased aridity and associated salinity, groundwater depletion and the rise of sea level

  18. Mekong River Delta • 1.77 million ha of land will be salinized, accounting for 45 percent of the land. • Rise in sea level will increase salinity of main tributaries of Mekong as far inland as 10 km

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