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The Ferment of Reform and Culture. 1790 to 1860. Religious liberalism:. Secular rationalism Deism – (Jefferson, Franklin, and Paine) – relied on reason rather than revelation – scientific
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The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790 to 1860
Religious liberalism: • Secular rationalism • Deism – (Jefferson, Franklin, and Paine) – relied on reason rather than revelation – scientific • Unitarian faith – stressed the essential goodness of human nature - free will and salvation through good works- appealed to intellectuals
Second Great Awakening • Spectacular religious revivals – reversed the trend towards secular rationalism – fueled a spirit of social reform • Attempt to improve Americans’ faith, morals, and character before the Second Coming of Jesus • Affected politics, education, family, literature, and the arts – culminating in the abolitionist movement to end slavery
Early American "hellfire and brimstone" preacher. Helped start the Second Great Awakening Peter CartwrightBorn: Sept. 1,1785 Died: Sept. 25,1872
Evangelist – spellbinding oratory style Often called one of "America's foremost revivalist“ Encouraged women to pray Opposed liquor and slavery Charles Grandison Finney 1792 – 1875
William Miller Born: February 15, 1782 Died: December 20, 1849 • American Baptist preacher, whose followers were called Millerites - Adventists • Millerites rose from the “Burned Over” District in the 1830’s. • They expected Christ to return to earth on October 22, 1844.
Effect of Religious Diversity • Second Great Awakening widened lines between classes and regions • Prosperous regions in East – little effect • Methodists and Baptists and new sects – swelled by fervor • Baptist and Methodist churches split over slavery issue
Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) Cooperative sect Voted as a unit Polygamy Murdered Joseph SmithBorn: 23-Dec-1805 Died: 27-Jun-1844
Second prophet of the Latter Day Saints. Led followers to Utah Utah grew and became prosperous Theocracy – cooperative commonwealth Brigham YoungBorn: 1-Jun-1801 Died: 29-Aug-1877
Compulsory Public Education • How is education important to a free republic? • If it is important, why then was early education so poor? • If it is not important, why did it begin? • Was public education “an insurance premium that the wealthy paid for stability and democracy?”
Free Schools for a Free People • “ Whenever the people are well-informed, they can be trusted with their own government.” – Thomas Jefferson • Early republic – tax supported schools – rare – opposition to “free public education” • Manhood suffrage triumph of tax-supported school 1825-1850
Humanitarian Advocated for public education basis of quality education is good teachers Wanted longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, expanded curriculum Pushed for reform in mental institutions and called for the end of slavery. Known as "the father of the American common school“ - to serve individuals of all social classes and religions. Horace MannBorn: 4-May-1796 Died: 2-Aug-1859
Early textbook writer -- “Schoolmaster of the Republic” Lexicographer Standardized the American language Noah WebsterBorn: 16-Oct-1758 Died: 28-May-1843
McGuffey’s Reader Text for most schools from 1836-1900 Contained religious messages Sought to instill morality, patriotism, and idealism 122,000,000 copies sold William H. McGuffeyBorn: Sept. 23,1800(in PA.) Died: 1873
Women's rights advocate 1821 founded the first women's school of higher education, the Troy Female Seminary. Troy became famous, offering collegiate education to women and new opportunity to women teachers. Emma WillardBorn Feb. 23, 1787 Died April 15, 1870
An Age of Reform • Promises of the Second Great Awakening led to a wave of reform • Women were prominent in the reform movements • Targets/goals? • Suffrage • Prison reform and criminal codes • Alcohol • Slavery
Dorothea DixBorn: 4-Apr-1802 Died: 17-Jul-1887 • Activist for the insane • Through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.
Neal S. Dow • “Father of Prohibition” • Employer of labor – witnessed debauching effect of drink • Sponsored 1st prohibition law in Maine in 1851
Lucretia MottBorn: 3-Jan-1793 Died: 11-Nov-1880 • Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women's rights. • Co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention • Signatory of the Declaration of Sentiments.
President of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1865-90 Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments (Demanded the vote at Seneca Falls) Co –organized Seneca Falls Elizabeth Cady StantonBorn: 12-Nov-1815 Died: 26-Oct-1902 Stanton (seated) with Susan B. Anthony
Prominent women's rights advocate In 1869, she and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman's Suffrage Association (NWSA) Arrested and fined for trying to vote in the 1872 Presidential election Age 26 Susan B. AnthonyBorn: 15-Feb-1820 Died: 13-Mar-1906
Abolitionist and women's rights activist 1849 she became the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States.Barred from practice in most hospitals, she founded her own infirmary, the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, in 1857. Elizabeth BlackwellBorn: February 3, 1821 Died: May 31, 1910
Friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson and associated with transcendentalism Edited the transcendentalist journal, The Dial from 1840 to 1842 Joined Horace Greeley's New York Tribune as literary critic First female journalist to work on the staff of a major newspaper. Fuller's major work, Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), argued for the independence of women. Margaret FullerBorn: 23-May-1810 Died: 19-Jul-1850
Utopian Societies • Reformers set up over 40 communities • New Harmony, Indiana • Brook Farm in Massachusetts – transcendentalist • Oneida Community
New Moral World Owen's envisioned successor of New Harmony. Owenites fired bricks to build it, but construction never took place. Robert OwenBorn: 14-May-1771 Died: 17-Nov-1858 • Idealistic Scottish manufacturer • Founder of the Cooperative Movement • Began a communal society in 1825 in New Harmony, Indiana. • It failed.
American utopian socialist. He founded the Oneida Community in 1848. There were smaller communities in Wallingford, Conn.; Newark, NJ; Putney,Vt; and Cambridge, Vt. The Oneida Community dissolved in 1880, John Humphrey NoyesBorn: Sept. 3, 1811 Died: April 13, 1886
Scientific Achievement • Early Americans interested in practical science • Louis Agassiz – biologist – insisted on original research • Audubon – naturalist • Sylvester Graham
American naturalist He painted, catalogued, and described the birds of North America. Published Birds of America, in 1838. John James AudubonBorn: 26-Apr-1785 (in Haiti) Died: 27-Jan-1851
American Presbyterian minister Early advocate of dietary reform Vegetarianism and temperance movement 1829 - invented Graham flour and Graham bread, made from unsifted and unbolted flour and free from chemical additives Used to make graham crackers and other products. Sylvester GrahamBorn: July 5, 1794 Died: September 11, 1851
Artistic Achievement The Hudson River School of Art
The Hudson River School used a Romantic approach to depict scenes of America's wilderness, drawing inspiration from the Hudson River Valley, the Catskills, the Berkshires and the newly opened West.
Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty and Asher B. Durand were among the early practitioners of this style and they had a significant influence on the artists that followed them.
Thomas Cole was a teenager when his family emigrated from England. He was a passionate devotee of the scenery of his adopted country. Cole is considered to be the finest American landscape artist of the 19th Century.
1825 to 1875 was a time of powerful national pride in the United States. The dramatic and uniquely American landscapes by Thomas Cole prompted a positive response from the American public. Inspiration and spectacular natural beauty are reflected in the famous paintings, Niagara by Frederic Edwin Church, and Yellowstone Falls by Albert Bierstadt.
Thomas Doughty was one of the first American painters to restrict himself to landscape painting as his genre. Some consider him the catalyst for the Hudson River School given he was the one who recognized early on the magnificent subject matter offered within the American countryside.
Asher B. Durand's early career was as an engraver. When he began to paint it was as first a portraitist before turning his attention to nature. Cole was a major inspiration upon him.
The Hudson River School looked into the conflict between modernity and nature as well as the effects of increasing industrialization and westward expansion.
Title: View on the Schoharie, 1826 Artist: Thomas Cole (American 1801-1848)
Title: Otsego Lake Looking North from Two Mile Point, ca. 1883 Artist: Edward B.Gay (1837-1928)
Title: Cooperstown from Three Mile Point, ca. 1850 Artists: Louis Remy Mignot (1831-1870) & Julius Gollmann (-1898)
Title: Emporium of Indian Curiosities, 1856 Artist: Joachim Ferdinand Richardt (American 1819-1895)
Title: Cider Making in the Country, 1863 Artist: George Henry Durrie (American 1820-1863)
Gilbert Stuart • One of the greatest portrait painters of his time • Best known for his portraits of Washington
Portrait of George Washington for the White House, 1797. This is the painting that Dolley Madison rescued when the White House was burned during the War of 1812 George Washington (a.k.a.: the "Athenaeum Head;" ca. 1798; Stuart copy of [unfinished] 1796 original), Gilbert Stuart
American artist of the colonial period, famous for his portraits of important figures in colonial New England, particularly men and women of the middle class. His portraits were innovative in that they tended to portray their subjects with artifacts that were indicative of their lives. Portrait of Copley by Gilbert Stuart. John Singleton CopleyBorn: July 3, 1738 Died: September 9, 1815
Portrait of the Copley family, 1776 Portrait of Samuel Adams Portrait of Paul Revere John Singleton Copley
National Literature • After War of Independence and War of 1812 – new wave of nationalism • Knickerbocker Group – New York