The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860

1. The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860 Chapter 15

2. Background of Reform • Second Great Awakening swept the U.S. in early 1800s • Massive religious meetings known as revivals or camp meetings were held throughout the nation • Protestant philosophy changed • Belief that doing good and helping solve society’s problems was a path to salvation • Social gospel had its origins here • belief in helping others • brought needed reforms at the beginning of the 20th century

3. Charles Grandison Finney • Called "America's foremost revivalist." • Christian evangelist said to have converted 500,000 people in revivals • Major leader of the “Second Great Awakening” religious revival that swept parts of America • Differed from the older Calvinist Christian tradition that believed man was predestined (born to go to heaven or hell) and could do nothing to change his or her fate • Finney believed that people could choose their salvation by doing good works • Believed in free will rather than predestination • Active in the abolitionist movement, condemning slavery from his pulpit • Supported temperance and women’s rights

4. Religious Reform Groups • The Shakers were a breakaway group from the Quakers which started in England in the late 18th century • A group moved to New York and later to other states • Believed in a new way of life: abolished families, practiced celibacy, and full equality between sexes • Families in Shaker society were completely segregated, houses had separate entrances for men and women • They did not believe in procreation, so the only ways to gain new members was through adoption or conversion • Known for simple, functional furniture designs, music, dancing, and self-published books

5. Amana Villages • Founded by German immigrants in 1843 in New York, later settled in Iowa in 1855 • Based their society on Christian ideals • Community provided each family with a home and monthly allowance at the general store • Medical care was provided free by the community • Each person was expected to work and was assigned a job by the community Elders based on the needs of the community as well as the talents of the individual

6. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints • The Mormons were organized by Joseph Smith in New York in 1830 • Smith and his followers moved to Illinois, where he was murdered by opponents • Brigham Young succeeded him and led migration to Utah • During the crossing to Utah, Church leaders encouraged wealthy and established men to take additional wives to help widows and their children, as well as young women without families • The practice of polygamy was publicly practiced from 1852 to 1890

7. Oneida • Started by John Humphrey Noyes in Oneida, NY in 1848 as a religious community • Lived communally where everyone shared everything including work, food, possessions, and living space • Among other beliefs, the community rejected "exclusive love" and considered all men married to all women • Practiced “mutual criticism” in which actions were reprimanded in front of a committee or sometimes even the entire community • Lasted about 30 years

8. Brook Farm Experiment • Founded in 1841 in Massachusetts by former Unitarian minister George Ripley to live self-sufficiently • Influenced by transcendentalist thought • Rejected organized religion as the source for enlightenment, emphasized individualism and the mysteries of nature • They preferred to live apart from society due to the unequal and unfair treatment of individuals • Influenced many important writers such as Hawthorne and Thoreau • Lasted only until 1847 mostly due to its reliance upon agriculture and its location on infertile land

9. American Temperance Society • Began in 1826 to eliminate the consumption of alcoholic beverages • Estimated that the average American in the early 19th century consumed over four gallons of liquor a year • In 2000, the average was just over two gallons a year • Made up mostly of women who saw “demon rum” as the number one enemy • In the years before the Civil War (antebellum) the main focus was to get men to sign pledges promising not to drink alcoholic beverages • Later anti-alcohol organizations such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) worked to make alcoholic beverages illegal

11. Educational Reform • Free public education rare before 1820s • “Common schools” movement began in Mass. between 1830-1850 to Americanize new immigrants • Horace Mann - important leader in the movement • advocated compulsory education • Common schools designed to have a similar educational experience for all children regardless of class or locale • Common schools viewed as a vehicle to preserve rural values in new urban society • “Normal schools” were established to train teachers

12. McGuffey’s Readers • Original 1836 version of the reading books used for 75 years by about 80% of all American students • Some 120 million sets were sold • No other books ever had this much influence over so many children over such a long period

13. Higher Education for Women • Higher education for women did not exist before 1821 • In 1821, Emma Hart Willard founded the Troy Female Seminary in New York, the first endowed school for girls • Oberlin College became the first coeducational college in the United States in 1833 • In 1837, Mount Holyoke College, the first established for women opened

14. Labor Reform • Unions began to form after the Revolutionary War in cities such as Philadelphia and Baltimore • 1820s: the Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations, the first to combine different types of unions, formed • Their goals were not only higher wages and improved working conditions but also free public schools, abolition of debtors jail, and universal male suffrage • Entered politics to secure their goals • Child labor was widespread in the 19th and early 20thcenturies • In New England about 30% of workers were children under 16 • Up until the mid-19th century, a person could be put in jail if they could not pay back money owed • Early unions pushed to have debtors jails abolished

15. Unions • In the late 1820s, unions entered politics with the Working Men's Party • Made up of craftsmen, skilled journeymen, and reformers who sought a 10-hour workday, free public education, abolition of debtor imprisonment, and an end to prison contract labor • Party ended in the 1830s, and several New York members joined the Locofoco Party, a radical faction of the New York State Democratic Party • Many early labor unions were destroyed by the economic collapse caused by the Panic of 1837 • Nearly 30% of U.S. workers lost their jobs. • Labor unions made a comeback in the 1840s and 1850s but were again devastated by the economic crisis of the Panic of 1857 • Unions came back strongly after the Civil War

16. Dorothea Dix • In the mid-1820s, she discovered the mentally ill in Massachusetts were kept locked in prisons in unsanitary, unheated cells chained to the walls • They were naked, filthy, underfed, and sleeping on stone floors • Began a lifelong campaign to improve conditions for the mentally ill • Instrumental in getting Massachusetts to build a mental hospital and later went on to work for mental institutions in other states

17. Women Mobilized for Rights • Second Great Awakening inspired women to do things they had never done before • Many women, for the first time, became active in activities outside their home and family • Temperance and abolition as well as other humanitarian causes • Women were considered inferior to men • Not allowed to attend college, vote, or control their own property • Legally, women were their husband’s property • Many women were angry at their second class status and began organizing • Primary focus of the antebellum women's rights movement was obtaining civil rights for women • Equal property rights, divorce reform, custody of their children, and the right to vote

18. Rational Dress Movement • A protest against the uncomfortable and constricting women's clothes began in 1851 when Libby Miller developed what became known as the bloomer style • Called “Bloomers” after The Lily magazine editor Amelia Bloomer promoted the new style • Women were harassed and bloomers disappeared until the end of the 19th century

19. Seneca Falls Convention • Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Purpose was to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women • Wanted to publicize the second class status of women and begin the fight to remedy it • Over 300 attended • A series of declarations was passed • Female suffrage met serious opposition until a speech by Frederick Douglass convinced the delegates to pass a declaration demanding it • Only one Convention attendee, 19 year old Charlotte Woodward lived to see women win the vote in 1920

20. Abolition of Slavery • Abolitionist movement organized in 1833, when William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and others formed the American Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia • Abolitionists believed slavery was a national sin, and it was the moral obligation of every American to help eradicate it • Fierce opposition • In the early 1830s, Amos Dresser, a minister in Memphis, Tennessee, was arrested and publicly whipped by a committee of prominent citizens of Nashville, Tennessee for being a member of an Ohio anti-slavery society and possessing and disseminating anti-slavery materials

21. A Turn to Politics • Abolitionists tried various means to bring the slavery question to the federal government • The government, fearful of sectional strife, refused to deal with the slavery issue • The Liberty Party formed in 1840 to secure emancipation though the political process and repeal all racial discriminatory legislation