Canada, the United States, and the World 1970-2000

1. Free Trade: The FTA & NAFTA The End of the Cold War: Canada’s Military Role Canada, the United States, and the World 1970-2000 Canada Since 1970 Class Wiki Hirdapaul Dhillon, Kim Lu, & Sahil Gupta

2. The Presidents and the Prime Ministers: How did they get along? Trudeau and Nixon-They Did Not Get Along • Trudeau had once said in an interview with the National Press club in Ottawa that living next to the US is in some ways like sleeping with an elephant, “No matter how friendly or temperate the best one is affected by every twitch and grunt” • Nixon responded by calling him an a****** • Trudeau reciprocated with “I've been called worse things by better people” • Nixon told HR Haldeman, his chief of staff, “That Trudeau, he’s a clever son of a b****” and then to his Secretary of State he says, “What in Christ is he talking about?”

3. Trudeau and Nixon (Cont’) • Nixon calls Trudeau “a pompous egghead” after being frustrated with his visit • Nixon says to Haldeman “You’ve got to put it to these people for kicking the US around after what we did for that lousy son of a b****” • He also ordered Haldeman to plant a negative story about Trudeau with Jack Anderson the columnist • Nixon delivered a speech in the House of Commons saying “while we do not have a wall between us we have a great unguarded boundary. This does not mean that we are the same. This does not mean we do not have differences. But it means we have found a way to discuss differences in a friendly way without war.

4. Trudeau and Carter • They did have a good relationship with each other as they got along very well. • But even though they got along, they never were in office with each other long enough to help each other out or spend time. • They were not very close because they both had their own problems and issues to deal with, within their own nation.

5. Trudeau and Reagan • They did not get along with each other • Trudeau was against Reagan’s anti soviet views • US was furious with Canada when the national energy policy was introduced, they had feared that it would threaten the US energy security • He was upset with Washington’s conviction that the west could win a nuclear war • Canada was upset about the acid rain that was harming lakes and forests, the US promised to negotiate a bilateral agreement on acid rain, but Reagan failed to carry out his agreement. • Canada states that the US is an “acceptable breach of US commitments” • Trudeau launched a peace initiative; a ban on nuclear and high altitude weapons tests, etc. • The US was angry because Canada did not consult with them in advance

6. Mulroney and Reagan • They did get along with each other very well • Mulroney and Reagan sang to each other when the President visited Canada, They got up on stage and sang a verse together When Irish eyes are smiling, Sure, 'tis like the morn in Spring. In the lilt of Irish laughter You can hear the angels sing. • President Reagan spoke about Canada in an interview proclaiming Canada's importance to the US, “No other country in the world is more important to the United States than Canada, and we are blessed to have such a nation on our northern border. Canada is a friend, a neighbor, and a trusted ally.

7. Bush Senior and Mulroney • They did get along with each other, they had a good relationship • Bush and his wife went to Mulroney’s daughter’s wedding • Mulroney insisted that having a close relationship with any US president is essential in order to place the US president on side with Canadian objectives. • It has been said that Mulroney had such a close relationship with Bush and Reagan that he could get concessions for Canada in an instant.

8. Chrétien and Clinton • They did have a good relationship • Chrétien visited Clinton unscheduled to just have a drink • Their wives also got along with each other and have gone skating together • Chrétien proclaimed “when we’re alone I call him Bill” • Chrétien had a change in heart because he had once vowed that he was not going to follow in the footsteps as previous Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and become friends with an US president • They took steps and helped each other domestically; Clinton offered several remarks on the Quebec issue, having Quebec to stay in confederation • They were also golfing buddies

9. Chrétien and Bush II • Chrétien once said that the US provoked 9/11 on themselves because of their “wealth, greed, and power” • One of Chrétien's senior aids called Bush a “moron” • While Chrétien's nephew was an ambassador in Washington, he had made it clear that his Liberal government preferred democrat Al Gore to Bush. • White house officials reportedly referred to Chrétien as a “Dino” • Bush made his infamous speech to the congress thanking all countries around the world for standing with the United States and its fight against terror after the attack on the world trade center and the pentagon except for Canada. • Chrétien had his top aid respond to the speech. His aid said, “If it is anything, it is an indication that our support goes without saying.

10. Free Trade: the FTA and NAFTA How closely should the Canadian and American economies be tied together? • Canada should form a coalition to negotiate a more balanced multilateral trade deal where the U.S. doesn't hold all the cards and change the rules in its narrow self-interest. • Canada’s and US relationship must be the central theme in our foreign policy. If it were not for that relationship, we would be even more marginalized internationally than we are now. US investment had a long history in Canada, with disadvantages and advantages. It brought in money, to develop industries, and for resources. But on the other hand, increasing US investment had meant that Canada was in danger of becoming a branch plant economy. • The Free Trade Agreement was a trade agreement signed by Canada and the United States on January 2, 1988. The agreement, finalized by October 1987, removed several trade restrictions in stages over a ten-year period, and resulted in a great increase in cross-border trade. • A few years later, it was superseded by the North American Free Trade Agreement, which included Mexico as well. So in my opinion I think that Canada should not be that closely tied with US.

11. FTA and NAFTA Why has free trade dominated Canadian politics for so long? • From 1935 to 1980, a number of bilateral trade agreements greatly reduced tariffs in both nations. The most significant of these agreements was the 1960s Canada-United States Automotive Agreement (also known as the Auto Pact). • The exact branches of the agreement are hard to measure. After the agreement came into effect, trade between Canada and the United States began to increase rapidly. While throughout the twentieth century, exports fairly consistently made up about 25% of Canada's Gross domestic product, since 1990 exports have been about 40% of GDP. After 2000, they reached nearly 50%. • Some of this growth must be attributed to the sharp decrease in the value of the Canadian dollar during this period, and a general global pattern of increasing international trade.

12. FLQ Crisis • If I was in Trudeau’s place, I wouldn’t have declared war, nor would I negotiate with the FLQ (Front de Liberation du Quebec). What Trudeau did raised the government’s popularity to a new height. • Support for Trudeau’s use of the War Measures Act did not mean that most Quebecers were happy with their lot. Rather, it indicated strongly the both English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians rejected violet conflict as a means of resolving the Quebec question. • Anyone who was affiliated with the FLQ could and would be arrested and would be sent to jail. This was a profound violation of individual rights that would never be tolerated in peacetime.

13. The End of the Cold War: Canada’s Military Role Canada’s Military Role in the Cold War • To defend North America against a possible enemy attack, Canada and the United States joined in the 1950s and formed the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), a joint air-defence system, and the Distant Early Warning Line (Dew Line), to give warning of Soviet bombers heading over the pole. • After much debate John Diefenbaker agreed to accept U.S. nuclear weapons and to buy the BOMARC missile system from the Americans. • However, when Lester B. Pearson became Prime Minister he accepted the warheads to make the BOMARC missile system effective.

14. The End of the Cold War: Canada’s Military Role • Canada continued surveillance of Communists and sharing of intelligence with the US. • It played a middle power role in international affairs, and pursued diplomatic and sometimes economic relations with Communist countries, such as Cuba and China after their revolutions. End of the Cold War • When the Cold War ended, Canada was delighted because they were finally able to withdraw their forces from their NATO commitments in Germany, cut military spending, remove the air raid sirens in Ottawa, and turn the Diefenbunker into a tourist attraction. • However, Canada continues to participate in Cold War institutions such as NORAD and NATO, but they have been given new missions and priorities.

15. The End of the Cold War: Canada’s Military Role • In addition, Canada may have played a small role in helping to bring about glasnost and perestroika. In the mid-1970s, Alexander Yakovlev was appointed as ambassador to Canada when he accompanied Mikhail Gorbachev, to tour Canadian farms and agricultural institutions in the hopes of taking lessons that could be applied in the Soviet Union. In the end, Yakovlev returned to Moscow, and would eventually be the intellectual force behind Gorbachev's reform program. • Also by the end of the cold war, Canada refused to join the Organization of American States, disliking the support and tolerance of the Cold War OAS for dictators. • Under Pearson’s successor Pierre Trudeau, US-Canadian policies grew further apart. Trudeau removed nuclear weapons from Canadian soil, formally recognized the People's Republic of China, established a personal friendship with Castro, and decreased the number of Canadian troops stationed at NATO bases in Europe.

16. Canadian Peacekeeping Describe Canada’s role as a peacekeeper? • The Canadian government has maintained its multilateral approach to international politics over the decades. Known as a ‘Middle Power,’ the government has created Canadian image as a moral force in the world and a diplomatic go-between; Canada’s leaders have determinedly supported the United Nations as the legitimate, international governing body. • The Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT) has established a $10 million per year Human Security Program, which is designed to focus on a set of global issues that are seen to ‘impend’ conflict and insecurity (e.g. poverty, land mines, diamonds, drug trafficking, etc.). • This program is a complete contrast to traditional ideas about national, state-centered security and defence, as the Canadian government comes under criticism from those who feel that defending Canada’s ‘sovereignty and territorial integrity’ should be the primary concern.

17. Canadian Peacekeeping What missions did we take part in? Were they successful? • 1956: Arab-Israeli war. • 1956–1967: Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal. Israel, France and United Kingdom intervene. • 1958: Violent conflict in Lebanon over proposed constitutional changes. • 1960–1964: Newly independent Congo faces mutiny by armed forces, Belgian military intervention and increasing disorder. • 1962–1963: Dispute between Indonesia and Netherlands over West Irian. • 1963–1964: Egypt and Saudi Arabia support opposing forces in Yemen’s civil war.

18. Canadian Peacekeeping • 1973–1979: Egyptian and Syrian forces attack on Israeli positions. • 1978–Present: Israel invades southern Lebanon • 1988–1991: Iran and Iraq War • 1989–1991: Withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola • 1991–Present: Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait • 1991–1995: Angolan Government and (UNITA) end 16 years of civil war.

19. Canadian Peacekeeping • 1991–1995: Government of El Salvador and (FFMLN) end decade-long civil war. • 1991–Present: Allowance of referendum that allows the people of Western Sahara to decide their political future. • 2000–Present: Ethiopia and Eritrea end two years of fighting in a border dispute • 2002: Canadian troops enter conflict in Afghanistan, and wage war on terrorism. Many militant groups are the Taliban and Al Qaeda.

20. History of Canadian Peacekeeping • Peacekeeping is an important part of our Canadian heritage, as it reflects our personality and essential beliefs. Canada’s role in peacekeeping today is to respond to major international conflict and then supervise cease-fires between hostile forces, provide the delivery of humanitarian aid, distribute refugees, disarm weapons of mass destruction, repair destroyed landscapes and habitat, and support government and human rights, including elections and government systems, and the training of police forces and judiciary. • Canada does not only become involved with peacekeeping missions from the United Nations, but from other international and national organizations as well. Canada peace support efforts including: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

21. History of Canadian Peacekeeping • Since the beginning of the twentieth century, approximately 1.5 million Canadians have been asked to defend peace and freedom throughout the world. This happened during the First World War, the Second World War and the Korean War. In 1956 the word 'peacekeeping' became popular thanks to Canada's 14th Prime Minister. • Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs and then later the Canadian Prime Minister, proposed the development of an international peace force under the United Nations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his visionary idea. Since this time, there have been over fifty United Nations peacekeeping missions of which Canada have been involved. • Canada has always been one of the world's most committed peacekeeping nations!

22. Bibliography • http://www.cbc.ca/canadaus/pms_presidents1.html • http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/chretien/ • http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001220 • http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0405-03.htm • http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918758,00.html?promoid=googlep • http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107386.html • http://www.canadaflagmart.com/-strse-53/Canadian-Red-Ensign- • Flag/Detail.bok?gclid=CPaixvndg4wCFQF-PgodgQYezQ • http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003054