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Antebellum

Explore the legacy of slavery in the Deep South during the Antebellum period. Learn about the dominance of cotton, life on plantations, resistance to slavery, and the dynamics of Southern society. Discover the roles of plantation owners, yeoman farmers, and free blacks, as well as the harsh realities faced by black slaves. Delve into the impact of the Cotton Gin, the culture of slavery, and the various forms of slave resistance, including slave codes and rebellions. Uncover the complexities of this turbulent era in American history. 8 Relevant

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Antebellum

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  1. Antebellum Slavery in the Deep South Agriculture Cotton is King! Life on the plantation Resistance to Slavery

  2. Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy”[plantation owners] 6,000,000 The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers] Black Freemen 250,000 Black Slaves3,200,000 Total US Population  23,000,000[9,450,000 in the South = 40%]

  3. Slavery in Numbers • The majority of white southerners did not hold slaves. • 1/3 of all white southern families were slaveholders • Planters: were large scale farmers that held more than 20 slaves on their plantation. • Most white southerners were yeoman or small farm owners. • Worked long days at many different tasks • Yeoman worked alongside slaves in the field

  4. Free Blacks • By 1860 nearly 250,000 blacks were free blacks. • Let free in master’s will • Let free for acts of heroism • Earned enough money to buy freedom • Runaways • The status of the mother is the status of the child. • Free blacks worked a variety of jobs in the city such as: skilled artisans, factory workers, nannies.

  5. Distribution of Slaves, 1790 and 1860

  6. Distribution of Slaves, 1790 and 1860 (cont’d)

  7. The Internal Slave Trade, 1810–1860

  8. Southern Population

  9. Southern Agriculture • Main Products: • Tobacco • Rice • Indigo • Cotton (cash crop)

  10. Growth of Cotton Production and the Slave Population, 1790–1860

  11. Slaves Using the Cotton Gin Invented by: Eli Whitney The Cotton Gin made cotton picking more efficient. The Cotton Gin pulled fibers from the cotton apart from the seeds. This led to the Cotton Boom! Cotton was easy to grow and didn’t spoil. -Cotton Belt: stretches from Texas to South Carolina. Made the institution of slavery stronger.

  12. Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860

  13. Slaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi Plantation Overseers: made sure slaves followed the rules and carried out punishments Driver: usually a black slave put in charge of assisting overseer. **Gang Labor System- all field hands worked on the same task at the same time. (chain-gang) Mary Edwards Lavina Bell

  14. Slaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling House, 1823

  15. Slave Auction Notice, 1823 Slaves were treated as property, not as people! Jenny Proctor

  16. The Culture of Slavery • Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals. • Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible. Family was the most important unit of slave communities. • Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals]. Told folktales to keep heritage alive, which taught a lesson. • Jubas- a type of music using singing, hand-slapping and rhythm. • Sometimes used as code across other plantations

  17. A Slave Family

  18. Lunsford Lane • Lunsford Lane

  19. Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.

  20. Tara – Plantation Reality or Myth? Hollywood’s Version?

  21. A Real Georgia Plantation

  22. The Southern “Belle”

  23. Scarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)

  24. A Real Mammie & Her Charge

  25. Slave Codes • Defined the social, economic, and physical place of slaves • Used to tighten controls over slaves • Slave codes prohibited certain actions by slaves: • Showing disrespect to whites –could not strike • Trespassing on white’s property • Running away • Gambling, setting fire to woods, hunting with a gun • Slave marriages were not recognized under the slave code laws • Punishments for disobedience include: • Whipping, Branding, Imprisonment, or even death

  26. Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than Elsewhere • High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping. • GOAL raise the “exit cost.” **Offered slaves rewards to encourage all slaves to obey! Slave patrols. Slaves caught would be punished severely. Strict Southern Slave Codes. Limited what slaves could do. No education! Cut off a toe or a foot to keep from running away.

  27. Slave Accoutrements Slave leg irons Slave tag, SC Slave shoes

  28. Slave Accoutrements Slave MasterBrands Slave muzzle

  29. Slave Resistance • Refusal to work hard. • Acting sick or hurt. • Isolated acts of sabotage. Working slower to protest long hours. • Escape via the Underground Railroad.

  30. Slave Resistance • “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

  31. Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South Nat Turner 1831 -believed God called on him to end slavery -ended up killing 60 whites 1822

  32. Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South: Nat Turner, 1831

  33. Runaway Slave Ads

  34. Quilt Patterns as SecretMessages The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

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