Antebellum America

1. Antebellum America Jazmyn Burt APUSH 5th Period

2. Andrew Jackson • In 1812 the United States declared war on Great Britain and young Andrew Jackson was appointed commander of the Tennessee militia. • Jackson was then commanded to break the ally between the Creek Indians and the British. • In March 1814, with the help of the Cherokee Indians, Jackson defeated the Creeks at Horse Bend. • This victory gave Jackson a reputation and enabled him to become the Commander for the upcoming Battle of New Orleans. • On January 8, 1815 Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans, making him a national war hero.

3. Andrew Jackson • After gaining popularity from the people for being a national hero, Andrew Jackson decided to run for president. • After James Monroe served in office, Andrew Jackson, John Adams, William Crawford and Henry Clay ran for election in 1824. • Henry Clay and William Crawford lost in favor of Andrew Jackson, and John Adams. • Jackson won both the popular and electoral vote, but it was not enough to win presidency. Therefore the final vote went to the House of Representatives. • Henry Clay is said to have “bribed” House Representatives to vote for Adams. • Adams won the House vote and immediately appointed Clay as Secretary of State. • Jackson and his supporters went on to call this a “Corrupt Bargain”.

4. Andrew Jackson • Feeling wronged by John Adams and Henry Clay, Jackson decided to run for office again in 1828. • Jackson ran a dirtier campaign, backing his accusations of Adams with the well known theft of his own presidency. • Jackson won the election by a land slide, making him the new President of the United States.

5. President of the Common Man • Andrew Jackson’s election marked the beginning of, what the people called, the era of the “Common Man”. • Jackson envisioned an agrarian America, and that most of the power of the government should belong in the hands of the states. • He supported patronage, and despised the special privileges of Eastern elites. • He disliked Hamilton’s bank plan and supported a wide range of voters.

6. President of the Common Man • After Jackson’s inauguration, he fired multiple government officials and replaced them with many of his political supporters. • He also helped lowered or nearly eliminated the land-owning requirement in order to vote. • Later on in his presidency he would completely eliminate the 2nd National Bank of the United States. • Jackson would also have Native Americans forcibly removed from their own land.

7. The Nullification Crisis • Soon after Jackson won the election, Congress passed the “Tariff of 1828” to protect the northern industries of the United States. • These northern industries were being directly damaged by low-costing good that were being imported into the U.S. • Therefore, to protect the north, Congress put a high tax on these cheap goods.

8. Cont. • However, the south did not favor this tariff because it had put all its money into slavery. • The south was directly harmed because it had to pay high taxes on goods it did not produce itself like the north did. • The tariff indirectly harmed the South because reducing the importation of British goods made it hard for the British to pay for the cotton it imported from the South.

9. Cont. • The south gave the tariff the nickname “The Tariff of Abominations” • John C. Calhoun produced the “Doctrine of Nullification” thinking that President Jackson would support him. • However, Calhoun was wrong; Jackson strongly opposed this doctrine.

10. Cont. • In 1833, Jackson got Congress to pass a force bill that allows him to forcibly gather taxes with the use of the militia. • However, before any troops were sent to South Carolina, Henry Clay gets Congress to pass a Compromise Tariff that dramatically lowers the tax on these imported goods.

11. The Bank War • Andrew Jackson greatly opposed the federal power and aristocratic privilege’s of many of the government officials. • His belief was mostly show in, what is known as, the Bank War. Which was waged against the Second bank of the United States (BUS).

12. Cont. • In the 1830’s, the BUS was not very powerful. • BUS had 29 branches in other cities besides it main building in Philadelphia. It was the most powerful and financial institution in the nation. • It was the only place, by law, that the federal government could deposit its own funds.

13. Cont. • Andrew Jackson supported “hard-money” ideals. • Many years before his election, he had lost a great deal of money in his business, and fell deeply into debt . • After that he became greatly suspicious of all banks and paper currency. • However, as president he listened to the complaints of the “soft-money” supporters. • Jackson made it very clear that he would not support the re-chartering of the BUS, which was due to expire in 1836.

14. Cont. • Eventually, Biddle was persuaded by Henry Clay to apply for the re-chartering of the bank in 1832, four years before its original charter would expire. • Henry Clay hoped by waiting for the election in 1832, it would force the BUS to become a major issue. • Andrew Jackson, despite the odds, vetoed the bill. • However, just as Henry Clay had hoped, the 1832 campaign now centered on the future of the BUS.

15. The “Monster” Destroyed

16. Cont. • Andrew Jackson, and Martin van Buren, as Jackson’s vice president, won the election of 1832. • They both easily defeated Henry Clay, despite his attempts at making the Bank War the main issue of the campaign. • Now, Jackson was eager then ever to destroy the “monster” bank. • Jackson then tired to remove the governments deposits from the BUS in an attempt to weaken it.

17. Cont. • Anxious, Biddle began to raise interest rates. He explained that without the government’s deposits the BUS’ resources were being stretched too thin. • Knowing that his actions were probably going to cause a short recession, he hoped to persuade Congress to re-charter the BUS

18. The Removal of Indians • Andrew Jackson wanted to move the Indians west of the Mississippi, out of the way of expanding settlement. • White settlers also favored Indian removal because they feared that if they continued to have constant contact with them, nothing could come of it besides endless conflict and violence. • They also favored their removal because a desire to expand and gain new land.

19. The Indian Removal Act: 1830 • The federal government worked steadily to negotiate treaties with the southern Indians. This process however, did not happen fast enough to satisfy the common people. • Many states began taking it upon themselves to remove the Indians. • With the help of Congress, the 1830 Indian Removal Act, got the states exactly what they wanted.

20. Worcester v. Georgia 1832 • In an earlier court case, Cherokee v. Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall said that Indians were “wards” of the federal government. • However, in Worcester v. Georgia, John Marshall seemed to have changed his mind. • John Marshall said that Georgia’s actions violated the Cherokees’ treaties with the United States.

21. Cont. • When John Marshall announced his decision, Jackson said, “John Marshall made his decision. Now let him enforce it.” • The decision however, was not enforced. • Cherokees refused to leave their homes, so Andrew Jackson sent an army to round up and forcibly remove them.

22. The Trail of Tears

23. Cont. • In the winter of 1838, the Cherokee’s were forced to travel from their homes to Indian territory in Oklahoma. • It is said that thousands died before and soon after reaching their destination. • It is known as the Trail of Tears because of how much suffering and sadness Indians went through.

24. Planters and Slaves • Southern economy was based on cotton production which depended on slave labor. • Southern economy was weak and vulnerable because it depended entirely on cotton but was still very profitable. • The period of cotton growing was called King Cotton. • The north’s economy, however, was based on industries and major businesses, commerce and finance. • The north had many manufacturing factories that dealt with textiles, lumber, clothing, machinery, leather, and wooden goods.

25. Cont. • The cotton gin is one of the inventions known to have shaped the economy before the civil war. • It was invented by Eli Whitney, and it was a key invention in the industrial revolution. • It was mainly used in the south to get remove seeds from cotton.

26. Slave Society • Slaves maintained social networks despite being forced to separate. • The south’s slave labor force increasing is solely due to the population increase of American-born slaves. • Slave revolts were rare, but some slaves resisted their masters by working slowly or pretending to be sick.

27. Southern Society • A majority of White families in the south did not own slaves. • Sometimes they would just rented them for some help around the farm, or with a certain task. • A majority of White families that did own slaves owned over 20 and dominated the south.

28. Transportation Revolution

29. New Developments • The Erie Canal spark a period of canal building that lasted until 1850. • Canals were so popular because they were one of the cheapest ways to transport goods. • It was first proposed in 1724, and it was supposed to have begin in Albany and end in Buffalo. • It was a solution to easily crossing the Appalachian mountains.

30. Cont. • Steamboats created a new age in water travel. • Shipping goods became easier and faster. • Steamboats even contributed to the development of cities along the river, like Cincinnati. • Steamboats also significantly lowered the cost of river transportation.

31. Social and Cultural Movements

32. The Role of Women • American women were not allowed to vote or perform civic tasks. • Women during this period of time were expected to raise children with republican ideals. Which lead to the concept of “republican motherhood”. • Although this did promote the education of women, this period of time is consider feminist.

33. Lowell Girls • In 1813, Francis Lowell built a factory in Massachusetts near the Concord River. • The factory spun cotton into yarn, and wove the yarn into cloth. • However, this factory hired women. These women lived in company owned boardinghouses. • These girls who worked at this factory are known as “Lowell Girls”

34. Cont. • These women worked at Lowell despite the deafening noise. • They came for the good money, which was only two to four dollars a week. • However, a majority of these girls were unmarried and only worked for a few years until they married.

35. Seneca Falls Convention • In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led and organized a women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls. • The “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” is then drafted at this convention. • It is in this document that greater rights are demanded for women.

36. Dorothea Dix • During her life time she founded 32 mental hospitals • Then during the Civil War she acted as Superintendent of the Nurses, despite there only having been only male nurses in her position before. • However, Dorothea was not involved in the women’s rights movement.

37. Abolition and Abolitionist • Among the first abolitionist were Quakers, and free blacks. Quakers were among the first to free their slaves. • They even traveled the countryside urging people to free their slaves. • Since slavery was banned in the north, a majority of abolitionist were southerners.

38. Cont. • In the 1820’s, a large anti-slavery movement emerged. • Supported by southerners and represented by organizations such as the American Colonization Society. • While opposing slavery, they did not believe that whites and blacks could live together in harmony. • Therefore, they urged slave owners to free their slaves, while they saved money to have them sent back to West Africa.

39. William Lloyd Garrison

40. Cont. • William Garrison was probably one of the most extreme abolitionist of his time. • He was completely unwillingly to make a compromise about slavery. • Garrison felt so strongly about this subject that he was despised in the south for encouraging slave revolts. • His newspaper, “The Liberator”, was banned and a reward was offered for anyone who could bring him down to Georgia for trial.

41. Frederick Douglas and Highland Garnett • Both men were leading black abolitionists, but they were rivals however. This shows the divisions within the movement. • Garnett was more aggressive than Douglas. He encouraged slaves to revolt against their owners and to free themselves. • Douglas, on the other hand, disagreed with Garnett on encouraging slaves to act out in violence toward their masters. • Douglas also was a strong advocator of women’s rights, speaking out on his behalf for the equality of the working people.

42. Sarah Moore Grimke • Grimke was one of the first women to publically speak out against slavery and for women’s rights. • Both Sarah and her sister strongly spoke out against slavery, surprising many people. • The idea of two women speaking out against slavery and advocating for women’s rights was quite shocking to the many Americans during this time period.

43. Transcendentalism and Utopian Communities

44. Transcendentalism • Transcendentalism is the philosophy is there is a spiritual world where; • Everyone is equal • Everyone can pass on to the afterlife • Everyone can become one with nature • Life should be simple • That the truth can be discovered through emotional experiences.

45. Cont. • Two leading transcendentalist writers were Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson • Thoreau was actually a strongly outspoken abolitionist, who assisted in moving slaves through the Underground Railroad. • Ralph Waldo Emerson on the other was considered champion of individualism. • Emerson is considered the leading figure in American transcendentalism.

46. Utopian • Utopians possess highly the idea of being perfect or having desirable qualities. • They believe that humans have the capacity to achieve a better life through conscious acts of will. • The best known utopian communities were Brook Farm, New Harmony, and the Oneida Community.

47. Cultural Advances

48. Education • McGuffey Readers, or Eclectic Readers, were the most widely known and used school books in the 19th century. • The production of newspapers flourished during the first half of the 19th century also • Local and state taxes were used to finance public education. • Educational reforms worked to create more teacher-training schools and to pass compulsory school laws.

49. Hudson River School • Founded by Thomas Cole in 1825, the Hudson River School would focus mainly on art. • Thomas Cole and his fellow artists painted landscapes, emphasizing America’s natural beauty. • Was America’s first legitimate school of art.

50. Works Cited • www.slaveryinamerica.org • www.teacheroz.com/civilwar.htm • http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/ • http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_classroom/documents/WHHA_primary-document-1828.pdf • http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/Readings/reading-CultofDomesticity.pdf