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Between scholarships and loans

Between scholarships and loans. Ontario options for assisting higher education. Special, Canadian way?. federal- provincial mix of higher education policy economy and higher education —Canadian perspective post- secondary education (PSE) in Ontario

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Between scholarships and loans

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  1. Between scholarships and loans Ontario options for assistinghighereducation

  2. Special, Canadian way? • federal-provincial mix of highereducation policy • economy and highereducation—Canadian perspective • post-secondaryeducation (PSE) in Ontario • financialoptions for Ontario students: • scholarships • loans • tuitionreduction • projecting the future/financing the future Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  3. federal-provincial mix • Canada—the decentralizedfederation: • far greater role of provinces as compared to states of the USA • intergovernmental negotiations and decisions • unlike in the USA, the Constitutiondoessayabouteducation • article 93 of the British NorthAmericaAct of 1867: • In and for each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Education Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  4. federal-provincial mix • underBNAA, the provinces have the sole responsibility for education (of alllevels) • theyhave to provide for bilingualeducation • there is no specialdepartment of education or higher education of the federal government • theseissuesaresupervised (not controlled) by Human Resources and Skills Development Canada: a federal agency/ministry • the aim of the agencyis "to build a stronger and more competitive Canada, to support Canadians in making choices that help them live productive and rewarding lives, and to improve Canadians’ quality of life" Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  5. federal-provincial mix • David Cameron (DalhousieUniversity) describe the situation as the SchizophrenicPattern of Federal Policy • on the one hand: itcannot do anything • on the other: itisexpected to supporthighereducation • 1951, Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences (MasseyCommission): • universities are provincial institutions; but they are much more than that. They also serve the national cause in so many ways, direct and indirect, that theirs must be regarded as the finest of contributions to national strength and unity Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  6. economy and higher education • since 1951 therehavebeen a common (political and public) perceptionthat: • federationshould sponsor students and scholars to study in Canada and abroad • educatedworkforcealong with advancedresearch as the onlyway to stop the policy of easy dependence on a huge and generous neighbour • as the name of the federal agencysuggests: education and PSE shouldrespond to economic and socialneed the Dominion and the provinces and territories Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  7. economy and higher education • Canadian universities havecombinedbudget of morethan$30 billion • itmight be compared to suchimportantindustries as pulp and paper industry or the oil and gas extraction • federationprovides $3 billionannually (out of $10 billion) for researchactivities: • directcosts • institutionalcost • in Canada privatesectoris the largest performer of research • the government of Stephen Harper (Conservative Party) distribute ca. $350 million to post-secondaryeducationstudents (ca. 1,5 millionstudents) Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  8. post-secondaryeducation in Ontario • Ontario is the largestprovince: • population: 13,505,000 (out of 33,476,688) • economy: ca. $654 billion (out of $1,535 billion) • Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universitiesisresponsible for: • developing policy directions • planningbasic and applied research • distributingfundsallocated by the provinciallegislature Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  9. post-secondaryeducation in Ontario • similarly to the USA: even public educationis not for free (ca. $5,500-6,000 per year) • unlike in the USA: privatecolleges and universitiesarerare and majority of themplainlydenominational • thereis a largegroup of small privatecareercolleges, offeringjustsomecourses, e.g.: • Computerized Accounting (13 weeks, 325 hours) • Accounting and Payroll Administration (30 weeks, 750 hours) Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  10. post-secondaryeducation in Ontario • twosubsystems of PSE: • traditional, academic—offeredatuniversities • morepractical—offeredatColleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) • CAATswereestablished in 1965, as separate and distinct from universities: • as crown corporations, they would be subject to provincial regulation • each would have its own governing board composed of representatives of the local community • advisory committees including representation from local industry • CAATs were to serve the community needs Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  11. financialoptions for Ontario students • because of the specificnature of Canadian federalism Ottawa does not provide for highereducationindependently • previously: the governmentsupporteduniversities on per capita basis • now: allmoneygoes to provinces (unconditionally) • Ontario studentsapply for provincial and federal supportat the same time, using the same tool: Ontario Student Assistance Program • scholarship (meritbased) • bursary/grant (financialneedbased) • loan (financialneedbased) Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  12. financialoptions for Ontario students • scholarships (non-repayable) are based on academic excellence of applicants (sometimes combined with financial needs) • most commonly distributed by schools • or by independent entities • 2012-13 Ontario terminated its own scholarship program: QEII Aiming for the Top Scholarship ($100 to $3,500 per year) • the termination reflects the shift in student assistance: from non-repayable to repayable means of support Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  13. financialoptions for Ontario students • Ontario residentsareeligible for special30% Off Ontario Tuition Grant—strengthening highereducationparticipation • non-competitive (parents’ combined 2012 totalincomeshouldhavebeen $160,000 or less) • at the end of the 20th century federal governmentlaunched a program of radicalbudgetcuts on public spending • as the resultfederationinsisted on loansinstead of grants • conservative Ontario government of Mike Harris launchedCommonSenseRevolution, aimingat the same Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  14. financialoptions for Ontario students • the provincial part of OSAP loanisbased on the prime rate of interest plus 1%; the federal portion: the prime rate of interest plus 2.5% • Ontario and federation grant 6 months grace period aftercompleting the studies: • Ontario bothinterest and paymentfree • federationonlypaymentfree • afterfirstcriticism the loanapproachhasproved to be effective • especiallythatcostsare not prohibitive • maximum amount of support: $12,240 (single, no dependents) Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  15. calculations for not sowealthy family of three (single parent), income $28,500 Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  16. projecting the future/financing the future • researchconductedunder the guidance of Ian D. Clark (University of Toronto) or Paul Axelrod (York University) havenamednewchallenges to highereducation system in Ontario: • access • success (in job market) • surprisingly: thesevoiceswererepeated by Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  17. projecting the future/financing the future • the Ministryexpectsthat 70% of allnewjobswillrequiresome form of postsecondaryeducation: • increase of enrollment by 210,000 since 2002-03, now: almost 600,000 fulltimestudents • 2010-11 morethan 270,000 received OSAP funding • graduationrateincreased from 74% in 2002 to 81% in 2011 • the Ministrystillwants to fund 60,000 additionalspaces • thisyearbudget for post-secondaryeducation was increased by $115 million Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  18. projecting the future/financing the future • the Ministry and researchersappreciate the importance of CAATs (fulltimeenrollment: 201,000) • CAATsfocusing on vocational, technicaleducationarecloser to training • Ontario facestwo-way student mobility, stronglysupported by government and highereducationinstitutions • flagshipsinstitutions do not threaten the role and place of CAATs • becauseassociatedcostsatCAATsarelower, the very same federal-provincialassistancepromotesmorepracticaleducation Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

  19. as the background I used the photo of Scott Library of York University, Toronto Radoslaw Rybkowski: Between scholarships and loans

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