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The Wars of Religion

The Wars of Religion. 7. science & philosophy vs sin, death, devil magic, the occult, demons witch hunts 16-17th c. sabbats, orgies, cannibalism Why the witch panics of the 16-17th c.?. roots of witchcraft: cunning folk single, widowed, old women belief in magic: marks of the devil

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The Wars of Religion

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  1. The Wars of Religion • 7

  2. science & philosophy vs sin, death, devil • magic, the occult, demons • witch hunts 16-17th c. • sabbats, orgies, cannibalism • Why the witch panics of the 16-17th c.?

  3. roots of witchcraft: • cunning folk • single, widowed, old women • belief in magic: • marks of the devil • old, poor, female

  4. Gender--women • 80% • exceptions • misogyny • “special powers” & wives as “outsiders” • midwives • dunking stool • Why did witch hunts end in 17th c.?

  5. 1533-1603 • Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603) • Edward VI • Mary I

  6. Mother Anne Boleyn • queen at 25 years--ruled 45 years • Glorianna, Good Queen Bess, the Virgin Queen • foundation for world empire • English Renaissance • Background:

  7. motto “video et traces” • Economy: • population, inflation, poor laws, wool trade • East India Company, explorers • divine right of rule & Star Chamber • Religion: • Sir William Cecil 1559-1563 • politique

  8. Anglican Church • No religious extremism • 1559 Act of Supremacy • Anglican Protestantism • 1559 Act of Uniformity and the Book of Common Prayer • Thirty-nine Articles

  9. Challenges to her rule: • Catholics & Jesuits • Puritans • 2 complaints • purify it of “popery” • authority • presbyterians vs congregationalists • Conventicle Act of 1593

  10. Government • Privy Council & Parliament • capable ministers • William Cecil • Sir Francis Walsingham as Secretary of State “keeper of secrets” • spymaster • 1586 law • Robert Dudley • marriage status as diplomacy

  11. Foreign Policy • due to persecution of continental protestants • France • 1572 Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of Huguenots • Dutch Protestants • 1567 Duke of Alba • 1570 Pope Pius V

  12. Sea Beggars • 1570’s English pirates--John Hawkins and Francis Drake • 1577-1580 Drake and Golden Hind circumnavigate the globe • 1585 war against Spain in support of Dutch • London-Antwerp trade

  13. 1588 Spanish Armada • 130 ships w. 25,000 men • Armada defeat led to: • final thoughts about Elizabeth:

  14. Spanish Power • 1556 • 1588 decline (Armada defeat) • America’s wealth: • 1571 Battle of Lepanto • Don John of Austria • Portugal

  15. Early Life • 1527-1598 • Background:

  16. Ruling Style • the Escorial • reclusive “king of paper” • “prudent king” • 1557 defeat of France • 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis • reign characterized by:

  17. Marriages • Maria of Portugal • Don Carlos (1535-1568) • Mary I Tudor of England • Elizabeth Valois of France (2 daughters) • Anna of Austria (5 children) • Philip III (1598-1621)

  18. 1566-1648 • 17 provinces • north--United Provinces--Protestant • south--Spanish Netherlands--Catholic • Calvinism 1555 Antwerp • anti-Catholic iconoclasm

  19. Margaret of Parma • Cardinal Granville • heresy laws • Dutch towns • 1564-1565 • Iconoclastic Fury • Protestant Resistance Theory

  20. Duke of Alba • 1567 • 10,000 troops • Council of Troubles • (Council of Blood) • taxes led to resentment

  21. William of Orange (the Silent) • 1533-1584 • Prince of Orange • stadtholder • resistance leader • Count of Egmont • fled to Germany

  22. Return of William 1568-1571 • 1572 Sea Beggars • 1574 in Leiden: • 1576 Spanish Fury • resulted in: • 1579 Union of Utrecht • 1580 outlaw and Apologie (1581) • 1584 assassination in Delft

  23. southern provinces • 1588 Armada to England • 1592 • religious toleration • 1596 • 1598 • 1648 Peace of Westphalia

  24. Catherine de’Medici • 1519-1589 • Machiavelli • Popes Leo X and Clement VI • kidnapped • marriage to Henri II • 10 children (7 survive) • outlives all but Henri III

  25. Accident • creates a power vacuum • 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis • Philip II and Elizabeth Valois • 1559 tournament to tragedy • power shifts back to Spain

  26. Religious Wars • 8 civil wars--1562-1598 • Guise vs. Valois • Catholic vs. Huguenot

  27. Wars Part I • First 3 wars had same script: • #1 1562-1563 • Massacre of Vassey • #2 1567-1568 • #3 1568-1570 • Guise ally with Spain • Guise see Mary Stuart as political tool

  28. Peace of St. Germain • favors Huguenots • Coligny returns to court (seen as moderate) • political marriage of Marguerite to Henry of Navarre as “first prince of the blood” • Catholic tension (Paris) • Protestant rhetoric (resistance theory) • economic tension

  29. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) • Paris wedding of August 17, 1572 • August 22 Coligney wounded • preemptive strike August 24 • Henry Navarre “converts” • War #4 1572-1573 La Rochelle resists/siege • Charles dies 1574/ Henri III crowned • 1576 Henri Bourbon escapes--War #5

  30. Catholic League • War #6 1577 • War #7 1580 • Catherine allies with Guise • Henri III becomes anti-Guise

  31. War #8 War of the Three Henries • most important 1584-1589 • Henri III (moderate Catholic & politique) • Henry of Navarre as heir: • Henry of Guise/Catholic League • Christmas Eve 1588 assassination • Henri III allies with Henry of Navarre • July 1589 assassination of Henri III

  32. Henri IV Bourbon Dynasty • 1589-1598 Catholic League Wars • 1593 • Henry’s “perilous leap” and “Paris is worth a mass” conversion • politique • 1594 Henry enters Paris

  33. Philip dies in 1598 • peace with Pope--son raised Catholic (Louis XIII) • 1598 Edict of Nantes: • what, who, where, why • 1599 annulment and marriage to??????? • Marie de Medicis--son Louis XIII

  34. Henri IV as King • France’s best king • “chicken in every pot” • economic recovery and the Duke of Sully • mercantilism • taxes used for: • Paulette tax • 1610 assassination of Henry IV

  35. Preconditions • Fragmented Germany • religious tensions • Peace of Augsburg 1555 • problem: • Palatine elector • Spain: • Catholic League • Protestant Union

  36. 4 Phases of the War • Bohemian--1618-1625 • Danish--1625-1630 • Swedish--1631-1634 • French--1635-1648

  37. Bohemian Phase • 1618-1625 (Bohemia is part of Austria Empire) • Ferdinand of Styria (Austria) becomes emperor Ferdinand II • “defenestration of Prague” • Palatinate elector (Calvinist) becomes king of Bohemia as Frederick V (“winter king”) • Protestant help • Catholic Prince of Bavaria • Battle of White Mountain • motive:

  38. Danish Phase • 1625-1630 • motives: • Lutheran king Christian IV • Dutch and English help • France • General Albrecht von Wallenstein • Edict of Restitution 1629 • Treaty of Lubeck 1629

  39. Swedish Phase • 1631-1634 • England, Netherlands, France • Cardinal Richelieu • GustavusAdolphus • motives: • Battle of Breitenfeld 1631 • Battle of Lutzen 1632 • von Wallenstein

  40. French phase • 1635-1648 • most devastating phase • motives: • Cardinal Richelieu • German states become pawns

  41. Treaty of Westphalia • 1648 • rescinds Edict of Restitution • Peace of Augsburg reasserted • Calvinists: • Bohemia: • Switzerland: • United Provinces: • German states: staatensystem (1870)

  42. Brandenburg-Prussia • Austria • Sweden • France and Spain (1659) • German population • “reasons of state” vs religious reasons for war

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