The Wars of Religion (1559-1648)

1. TheWars ofReligion(1559-1648)

2. I. Renewed Religious Struggle • 1st half of the 16th c the religious struggles had been Lutherans gaining freedoms in Germany (central Europe) • 2nd half became about Calvinist gaining freedoms in France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland (Western Europe)

3. II. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-1559 • Fought between Francis I (Valois) and Charles V (HRE, King of Spain, King of Austria) • Occurred b/c Francis wanted a better balance of power – he helped the protestant princes in N. Germany, League of Schmalkalden

4. II. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-1559 • Not considered a holy war because both were Catholic • Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 • Outcome of the War: • Prevented HRE from gaining too much power in Germany • Inadvertently helped Lutheranism spread

5. II. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-1559 • This war prevented Germany from being able to develop as a nation state • France’s goal was achieved

6. III. Religious Concerns of Nations from 1560 – 1648) • From 1560-1648 wars would be fought largely over religious issues • Spain sought to squash Protestantism & the spread of Islam • French Catholics sought to squash the Huguenots • HRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in German States • Calvinist in Netherlands wanted to break with Spanish rule

7. IV. Civil War In France (1562-1598)

8. A. Death of Henry II, The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End • Henri II was the last powerful Valois • Three weak sons followed: • Francis II • Charles IX • Henri III • Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: • Was mother to the boys • Played both sides in the civil war • Developed a reputation for cruelty

9. Catherine de Medici

10. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

11. The French Civil War • There were two sides: • Guise family led Catholics in North • Bourbon family led Huguenots in South • Fighting for the royal inheritance • Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase. • B. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • 20,000 Huguenots were killed • Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

12. B. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ( August 24, 1572 • Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre – marriage arranged to reconcile Catholics and Protestants • Henry of Guise had a Huguenot leader murdered the night before the wedding (Henry of Navarre was to be murdered as well) - rioting broke out in Paris • Catherine de’ Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinists - 20,000 Huguenots killed on October 3rd • The massacre initiated the War of the Three Henrys: Henry Valois vs. Henry of Guise vs. Henry of Navarre

13. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

14. The French Civil War • Catherine started supporting the Bourbons. • Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. • Effects of Civil War: • France was left divided by religion • Royal power had weakened • Valois family now replaced by Bourbons CatholicLeague CIVILWAR ProtestantUnion

15. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

16. C. Henry IV of France • Ended Spanish interference in France • Converted to Catholicism: • Did this to compromise and make peace • This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations] • Paris is worth a mass. • Privately remained Catholic • Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: • Granted religious rights to Huguenots • Did not grant religious freedom for all

17. V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeA. Philip II • Led by King Philip II (1556-1598) • “Golden Age” period of artistic achievement and great wealth from the Americas • Built the Escorial – in memory of St. Lawrence & as a symbol of Philip’s power and commitment to the Catholic crusade

18. Escorial

19. Escorial

20. Escorial

21. V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeB. Spain vs. Ottoman Turks • Philip II waged a war against the Turks for control of the Mediterranean • Med. Very important for trade • Battle of Lepanto (1571) – ended war granting Med. Control to Spain • Ottoman Turks no longer threat to Europe

22. V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeC. The Dutch Revolt 1. William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584) • Ruled the Netherlands (Calvinist) • Led revolts against Philip II 2. William formed the Dutch Republic thanks to help by Elizabeth I of England

23. D. Spain Vs. England Mary I (Bloody Mary) B. Elizabeth I

24. D. England & Spain Mary I Elizabeth I

25. D . England & Spain • Mary I • very hostile to Protestants (executes great Protestant leaders, hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee to the Continent) • marries into militant Catholicism by wedding Philip II of Spain

26. D. England & Spain 2. Elizabeth I settled religious differences by merging broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the Anglican Church • all anti-Protestant legislation repealed and Thirty-Nine Articlesis issued in 1563 making moderate Protestantism the official religion of the Church of England • animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seas

27. D. Spain & EnglandSpanish Armada 1588

28. D. Spain & EnglandSpanish Armada 1588

29. VI. TheThirty Years War (1618-1648) p. 72-76

30. 1618-1648

31. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War • The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. • At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. • At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened. • Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

32. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 • Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. • The Bohemians hated him. • Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. • Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 • Bohemia named a new king, Frederick V.

33. Defenestration of Prague

34. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 • Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. • Frederick V borrowed an army from Bavaria. • Frederick lost his lands in the fighting. • The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others. • Bohemians won region from the HRE, present Cezch Republic

35. Bohemian Phase

36. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 • Protestants led by Christian IV – Lutheran King of Denmark • Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. • Tried to crush Protestants in the northern Holy Roman Empire. • Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein to lead the Imperial army • Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north. • Edict of Restitution (1629): • Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. • Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights. • German princes feared Wallenstein’s power and forced the Emperor to remove him from power and reduce the size of the Imperial army

37. Danish Phase

38. AlbrechtvonWallenstein

39. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 • a. Protestants liberated territory lost in the Danish Phase • b. France & Sweden now get involved. • Both want to stop Habsburg power. • Sweden led the charge. • France provided support. • c. Gustavus Adolphus (Swedish King) invaded the HR Empire. • Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. • Swedish advance was stopped. • Battle of Breitenfield: Gustavus successful but died on battlefield

40. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 d. Outcome German princes still feared Ferdinand II. Wallenstein assassinated to appease them. End of war HRE know Ferdinand III – revoked the Edict of Restitution and issued the Peace of Prague did not end war

41. Swedish Phase

42. GustavusAdolphus

43. The French Phase: 1635-1648 • a. France & Sweden switched roles. • b. All countries in Europe now participated. • c. This phase was most destructive! • German towns decimated. • Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted. • 8 million dead  1/3 of the population • Caused massive inflation. • Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

44. The French Phase: 1635-1648 d. Cardinal Richelieu of France allied with the Protestant forces to defeat the HRE (as had occurred in the earlier Hapsburg-Valois War e. If the Hapsburgs had won in Germany, France would have been confronted with a more powerful German state on its eastern border.

45. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

46. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Political Provisions: • a. Peace of Augsburg renewed(but added Calvinism as a politically accepted religion) • In effect, it ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany • Guarnteed that Germany would remain divided politically & religiously for centuries

47. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Political Provisions: • b. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire confirmed – END!! • The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  some. part remained a Spanish possession. • France rcvd. New lands and status as a power • Sweden got lands in Northern Germany on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts. • Switzerland became indp. Swiss Confederation • Germany free of HRE

48. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) C. The two Hapsburg Branches were weakened (Charles V divided Emperor at death) Spain – Declined Austria – lost control of Germany

49. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Religious Provisions: • Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg. • The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], HRE must permit freedom of private worship.

50. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)