April 2005 Colombo, Sri Lanka

1. A View of Institutional Relationships for Transport Sector Data: The Experience of the Partnership for Sustainable Urban Transport in Asia Cornie Huizenga1, Lee Schipper2, Herbert Fabian11Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities, 2EMBARQ April 2005 Colombo, Sri Lanka

2. Overview of Presentation Overview • What is CAI-Asia? • Background on PSUTA • Institutional issues related to sustainable transport indicators with experiences from three mid-size Asian cities

3. Part 1 Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia)

4. CAI-Asia Goals The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities through sharing experiences and building partnerships • Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality management • Capacity building • Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the regional level • Assisting cities in formulating and implementing integrated air quality management systems • Piloting projects to encourage innovation “Creating an Air Quality Management Community in Asia”

5. CAI-Asia Membership CITIES Bangkok,Thailand Chiang Mai,Thailand Chengdu,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,Sri Lanka Dhaka, Bangladesh Guangzhou,PRC Haiphong, Viet Nam Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakistan Kathmandu,Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Makati,Philippines Metro Manila, Philippines Mumbai, India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune, India Singapore, (NEA) Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogyakarta,Indonesia GAs Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India Australia Department of Environment and Heritage Balochistan EPA, Pakistan Central Pollution Control Board, India Department of Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, India Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines Department of Energy, Philippines Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh Environmental Management Bureau,Ministry of Environment, Japan Environment Protection Department, Hong Kong, SAR Environmental Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan Ministry of Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India Pollution Control Department, Thailand State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam • 54 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development Bank German Agency for Technical Cooperation The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation The World Conservation Union United States-Asia Environmental Partnership Sida World Bank FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor Co. Shell Clean Diesel Tech. Inc. ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTORMember AVL Corning Johnson DEKRA ACFA Matthey Cerulean IPIECA MAHA SGS

6. Part 2 The Partnership for Sustainable Urban Transport in Asia (PSUTA)

7. PSUTA Background -SIDA • Swedish International Development Authority asked ADB to carry out study of sustainable urban transport in Asian Cities Background -ADB • ADB has been a leading actor in developing and funding transport projects in Asia • ADB co-founded and supports the city-based Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Background -EMBARQ • Founded by a grant from the Shell Foundation to World Resources Institute 2002 • Leading NGO in developing and carrying out sustainable transport projects (Mexico City, Shanghai) • Invited by ADB (as partner) to carry out this project

8. PSUTA • Scope • Transport and environment in Asian cities, focusing on strengthening sustainability of low-emissions transport and mobility in Asian cities.. • Work with Pune (India), Xi’an (China), and Hanoi (Vietnam) to engage key stakeholders and leaders • Goal • Contribute towards enhancing environmental sustainability of transport and mobility in Asian cities through developing and applying quantitative measures of sustainability and progress towards sustainability in a number of selected cities. • Purpose • Develop and discuss a conceptual approach of city-based sustainable transport planning relevant for Asia, by stimulating authorities to act! Xian, China Hanoi, Vietnam Pune, India

9. How does PSUTA see the use of indicators? 1. PSUTA looks for indicators which help to capture environmental, social and economic dimension of urban transport 2. PSUTA builds pyramids of data into indicators 3. Indicators are a tool to start up and maintain a stakeholder process on sustainable transport planning 4. In PSUTA indicator development is a bottom-up process depending on local capacity and generating additional local capacity for indicators development

10. What are Indicators of Sustainable Transportation? • Indicators provide decision-makers with diagnosis of problems, quantification of cures, prognoses, evaluation, • Indicators portray compress large amounts of information into key trends in transport and environment, the state of the system, and the directions it is headed • Some indicators, such as air pollution indices, can be given every day or even every hour; others are updated every few years • Indicators are used for descriptions, models, baseline measurement, scenario development, and evaluation of past measures • Indicators show what authorities can know and can do • Indicators give decision makers basis for illustrating achievements Indicators Help Authorities to make Good Policy Choices and Monitoring those Choices

11. Sustainable Transport: Indicators for Pillars and the Roof Governance Sustainability Nature of Laws; enforcement mechanisms Flows of public and private resources into sustainable transport Economic sustainability – innovation and efficiency • Transport costs in national accounts; • Fares and fuel costs • Financial balance of private and public transport firms • Institutional structure of transport industry • Safety and Environmental sustainability • - health of future citizens • Ambient Air Quality • Emissions factors • Public Health records on air pollution related disease • Accident and safety data Social sustainability – equity • Travel times and other measures of access, by gender, social class, location of housing • Crime and incidents in transit • Costs of travel; budget shares, etc. Transport system: geographical area, participants, modal split, VKT, trip distribution, O-D

12. What is the Transportation System? • People and Goods on the Move • Access to jobs, shopping, civic activities, free time, and each other • Motion from origin to assembly to use to disposal • Impacts of people – accidents, pollution, congestion – part of system • A Set of Rules and Laws governing private and public transport • A Geographical Region (including Atmosphere) • Definitions and boundaries often by default from physical constraints • Boundaries sometimes administrative with little regard for motion • Increasingly boundary of PSUTA work defined by local air basin • Fixed Infrastructure and Vehicles (motorized, non motorized and animals) • Typically public ownership of large fixed structures (stations, networks) • Mixed public, private company, private individual ownership of means of conveyance for hire (from two and three – wheelers to large busses) • Private vehicles that dominate roads and pollution but rarely actual travel Urban Transportation Systems are more than the roads, bridges and rails

13. Sustainable Transport: Indicators for Stakeholders 6) Marketing and Communicating –Stakeholders need to maintain an honest and transparent presence based on science to give credibility to communications 1) Diagnosis- Most externalities and issues can be quantified, but the valuation of the externalities depends on individual, group, or political perspective; requires stakeholder involvement. . 2) Design and Prognosis– Will have usual uncertainties associated with defining baselines, etc. Stakeholders agree on acceptable uncertainties. 5) Rebalancing – Sensitive issue of what can be put in place if the prognosis looks unachievable or solution is falling short Making Transport more Sustainable 3) Implementing the Cure- Depends on costs, stream/timing of benefits, ability of different groups to afford consequences, adapt, etc. requires stakeholder involvement 4) Evaluation– Depends on defining baselines, putting in agreed methods for evaluating along the way. Requires stakeholder involvement

14. What is PSUTA trying to do in the three cities? 1) Diagnosis- Most externalities and issues can be quantified, but the valuation of the externalities depends on individual, group, or political perspective; requires stakeholder involvement. • Agree on a set of key indicators of sustainable urban transport that can guide policy planning • Map the gap of missing information and indicators • Map how to close the gap • Recommendations, including lessons learned from the development of indicators 2) Design and Prognosis– Will have usual uncertainties associated with defining baselines, etc. Stakeholders agree on acceptable uncertainties.

15. Indicators of Sustainable Transport: Major externalities • Congestion/Access: • Vision of minimal time lost. • Policy • Time lost in traffic; • Economic costs of congestion rel. to GDP; • Proximity to rapid transport nodes • Modal splits by trips and distances • Predictive • Road hierarchy • Non-road transport infrastructure (rail, etc.) • Lane or road-km per vehicle and per sq.km of city space • Number of light duty vehicles Accidents/Safety: “Zero fatality vision” Policy • Deaths or accidents per vehicle • Deaths or accidents per km driven or traveled • Accident Costs/GDP Predictive • Engineering (seatbelts, safety devices, road barriers, etc) • Education (drier ed, drunken driving) • Enforcement (drunken driving, safety inspections;speed and other violations) Pollution/Air quality: Vision of no days exceeding health norms Policy • Health risk/morbidity from pollution /exposure • Concentrations in air of mobile source pollution • Health costs/GDP • Emissions/km from vehicles • Current/proposed standards and policies Predictive • Emissions coefficients and driving cycles • Number of vehicles and distance/vehicle • Verification • Socio-demographic and socio-economic variables

16. Predictive Indicators by Issue

17. Indicator Pyramids: Hierarchy of What and Who High-Level Indicators The Public, Policy makers Experts, NGOs, Policy advisors Technical Level Academics Technicians, Survey experts, Detailed Data Courtesy of Henrik Gudmunsson, DMU

18. Example of Indicator Pyramid: Total Emissions of Given Kind (CO2, NOx, …) Danger Signal to the Mayor? Mitigation Improved fuel Retrofit of vehicles I/M and elimination of smokers Health Impact Ambient air analysis Pollutant by type and vehicle Inputs to diagnosis (emissions/km*kilometers) for each vehicle type, fuel Measure, borrow, or guess each parameter? Detailed Data: survey of cars, driving, fuel use and emissions coefficients, model of car fleet by vintage, type, etc

19. + Cost of indicator Accuracy - Existing 33 Improved 33 Sufficient for Action 33 Full Knowledge INDICATORS: Accuracy..but at a cost

20. Steps to More Accurate Inventories + Vehicles by type, fuel, age from reg. Distance/vehicle from “Lents-like” survey* Emissions Coefficients from other city, or limited testing (A dozen 3rd World Cities) Accuracy , Vehicles by type, fuel from reg. data Assumed distance/vehicle “Default” emissions coefficients (Much of 3rd World) Vehicles by type, fuel,,age, tech from large vehicle use survey Distance/vehicle by type, fuel, age from vehicle-use survey “Emissions coefficients from large-scale measurement survey (Some OECD cities – London?) - ExistingImproved, maybe OK? Sufficient for Action *Lents (UC Riverside) survey, or insurance or police data using odometers readings from collisions, infractions

21. Part 2 Institutional Issues related to using Sustainable Urban Transport Indicators for Planning

22. Who Uses Which Indicators? ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH ACCESS SAFETY POLICY LEVEL INDICATORS The Mayor or Minister Weightings for policy purposes PREDICTIVE/DESCRIPTIVE (Formula taking data Into indicators) Policy Advisors Formula taking data into indicators “Governance:” Laws and Norms Socio-economic, Demographic Drivers “The Depths” Raw data, measurement survey results, for specialists COMPREHENSIVE DATA BASE

23. “Owners” of Data/IndicatorsNumerators and Denominators • Identify the owners and ownership of information • Analyze the relationships between owners of information • Relationship therapy to improve coordination and cooperation among owners of information • Develop common interests for collecting same data, • Coordinate consistency of different data • Provide integrated indicator data-base structure to “house” the information together Cycle-borne freight on a main street in Xi’an, China

24. Numerators and Denominators: Difficulties encountered (1) 1. Key transport and environment data usually have environment in numerator and transport in denominator • Chinese Cities - data belong to distinct spheres and negotiation or even purchase required to combine data officially • Pune - State of Environment Publication already contained rich set of indicators using both transport and environment data • Related problem - Bi- and multi- lateral support projects need data inconsistent with each other, hence no continuity in collection

25. Numerators and Denominators: Difficulties encountered (2) 2. Agencies do not share data • Higher level agencies lack power to coordinate - PSUTA signed MoU with Env. Agency in Hanoi and gave sub-grant to transport agency to do work, outputs welcomed • Various stations measuring ambient air quality in Hanoi belong to different institutes, sponsored by different national or bilateral groups • Agencies and academics require small (but reasonable) honoraria amongst themselves to exchange data 3. Indicators define new disciplines today's senior experts were not taught • Hanoi and Xian had little experience measuring emissions and emissions factors in conjunction with policy • Hanoi and Xian have only recently started to deal with motorized transport in the context of mobility and surveys!

26. Key Issues: Importance of City Engagement in the policy process • Pune - engaged local transport leaders, key city transport officials, and key environment leaders • Xian - engaged key transport leader whose associates want to develop a full scale emissions inventory as a step towards vehicle emissions remediation • Hanoi - engaged the top local clean air official who had responsibility for transport; the lack of baseline information poses a problem PSUTA actively solicited the involvement of the local government for the project bus accident on a bridge in Pune, India

27. Key Issues: Institutional structures • Pune - Convinced the Transport experts to include outside environmental/fuels experts in the team • Xian - Brought the Environmental Institute and Construction Commission together through a local university to develop a joint proposal for emission measurements and remediation • Hanoi - Brought the transport and clean air experts to work together and exchange information for various purposes PSUTA performed ‘relationship therapies’ Parked mopeds on a sidewalk in Hanoi, Vietnam blocking passage for pedestrians

28. How do the cities want to move forward? • AT Least Two PSUTA Cities want to launch plans where indicators play a role in diagnosis, choice of cures, etc… • To fill the indicator gaps Hanoi and Xian have started to acknowledge need for better understanding of their growing emissions problems and how each vehicle type contributes to the problem • To solve the problems • Hanoi stakeholders and bi-laterals/multi laterals catalyzed by PSUTA to work systematically to reduce vehicle emissions • Xian – Government solidly lobbying various other projects for funds and capability to measure emissions • EMBARQ assisting as outside facilitator and bridge to donor agencies

29. Sustainable Urban Transport Indicators The final word …… • Local political will and money • Collection and maintenance costs – assure continuity • Ability to overcome data ownership feuds • Willingness to harmonize with efforts elsewhere • “How To” - the actual methodology • Develop local expertise • Survey available data • Develop formulae and routines data-> indicators • Why and what matters – Couple to policy-making • Introduce indicators and their message to policy makers • Develop strategic planning and scenarios • Diagnose, choose, prognose, implement evaluate, rebalance, market