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LEC 14

LEC 14. Conifers (Coniferphyta). LOCAL FLORA – Lecture 14 Dr. Donald P. Althoff. Ferns & Club mosses. GYMNOSPERMS. Angiosperms. Seed-bearing. Vascular tissue. GYMNOSPERMS divisions. Coniferphyta. ______ widely distributed. Cycads. Ginkgophyta. Gnetophyta. ancient 1 sp.

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LEC 14

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  1. LEC 14 Conifers (Coniferphyta) LOCAL FLORA – Lecture 14 Dr. Donald P. Althoff

  2. Ferns & Club mosses GYMNOSPERMS Angiosperms Seed-bearing Vascular tissue

  3. GYMNOSPERMS divisions Coniferphyta ______ widely distributed Cycads Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta ancient 1 sp. tropics & sub- tropics “close” to angio- sperms

  4. Cycads = Cycadophyta • Only one species native to North America: Zamia pumila • Dioecious pollen (male) & seed cones (female) are separate plants  pollinated by _________, not wind • 10 genera, 140 species (not including palm trees which are angiosperms: monocots [Liliopsida])

  5. Gingkoes = Ginkgophyta • Only one species present today: Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree) • Dioecious male & female (stink) trees • None native to North America • 1 genera, 1 species

  6. Gnetophytes = Gnetophyta • 12 species in North America: Ephedra • More closely related to angiosperms than any other gymnosperm • 3 genera, 70 species worldwide

  7. Nevada Jointfir (Ephedranevadensis) • No “apparent” leaves…leaves are scale-like • Photosynthesis takes place in the _______ • ________—but produce small cones Flowering

  8. gnetophyte Welwitschia mirabilis[African desert GYMNOSPERM]

  9. Distinguishing characteristics ofCONIFERS • “naked seeds”…borne on surface of cone scales or on stalks among leaves • All species are ________ vs. Angiosperms with a mix of woody & herbaceous)

  10. Kingdom Division Class Order Plantae Coniferphyta Pinopsida Pinales Families Pinaceae Cupressaceae Taxaceae 3 1 2 pines, firs, & spruces cedars, cypress, junipers yews

  11. Family TAXACEAE • All “evergreen” • Monoecious and dioecious • Leaves spirally arranged • Pollen dispersal by ______ • 3 genera, 7-10 species

  12. Family CUPRESSACEAE • All “evergreen” • Some monoecious, some dioecious • Leaves arranged spirally or in pairs (alternating at 900 angles or whorls) • Pollen dispersal by wind • 18 genera, 140 species

  13. Family PINACEAE • _______________________ • Usually in temperate climates • All “evergreen” exceptLarix&Pseudolarix • Monoecious • Needle-like leaves • Female cones ________ than male cones • Pollen dispersal by ______ • 11 genera, 220-250 species

  14. Family PINACEAE: Vegetative Morphology Know for final needle leaf long shoot

  15. Family PINACEAE: Spur Shoot & Fascicle needle leaf sheath scale leaf _______ ________________________

  16. Pines Male & Female Gametophyte Systems Thus, monecious—even on same branch

  17. ________________ FEMALE CONE - OVULATE 3 yr 2 yr 1 yr  ________________ MALE CONE – STAMINATE…pollen source

  18. REGIONAL CONIFERS (partial listing) Classification Division Coniferophya Class Pinopsida Order Pinales Family Pinaceae “Pine” Cupressaceae – “Cypress” • Norway spruce (Picea abies) • Colorado (blue) spruce (Picea pungens) • White spruce(Picea glauca) • Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinusvirginiana) • White pine (Pinus strobus) • Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) • Red pine (Pinus resinosa) • Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga) • Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris) • Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)* • Eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) • Eastern larch (Tamarack) (Larix laricina) • Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) • Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) • Eastern arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) P P P P P P P P C P P P P P C C C

  19. Needles per fascicle 3 1 5 2 E. Hemlock & spruces White pine Virginia pine Pitch pine

  20. Know for final Regional Pines(partial listing) TYPICAL NEEDLES PER FASCICLE (length) • Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinusvirginiana) • White pine (Pinus strobus) • Shortleaf pine(Pinus echinata) • Red pine (Pinus resinosa) • Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga) • Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris) • Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) 2 (<3 in.) 5 (3-5 in.) 2 (3-8 in.) 2 (3-8 in.) 3 (3-5 in.) 2 (<3 in.) 2 (3/4-3 in.)

  21. Lycopodiophyta Pterophyta Ferns & Club mosses Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seed-bearing Vascular tissue

  22. Kingdom Division Class Order Plantae Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiopsida Lycopodiales Know for final Family Lycopodiaceae – “the club mosses” 1 Ground Pine Lycopodium dendroideum

  23. Ground Pine may indicate • Cool ______________ climates • Fresh & moist soils • _______________ soils • Compacted soils • Also…. • Mid-seral stage species (10-30 yr old stands)

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