How to give an oral presentation

1. How to give an oral presentation

2. What is a good presentation? • View oral presentation as a process of anticipating & overcoming potential misunderstandings • Identify what is the confusion • Identify what is the strategy for explaining the confusion

3. What is a Poor way of Presentation? • Informing is a poor way of presentation • It is not focused on understanding • Over-emphasis on hooking the audience to gain its attention • Trying to establish its need for information • Too focused on form, Not contingent on material; • Not all material is best explained via examples, visual aids, frameworks, charts, it depends on the type of material you present

4. Explaining vs. Informing • Inform • Create awareness of latest information on some topic (E.g., News reports) • Explain • Improve understanding of something audience is aware of but does not fully grasp • Explaining helps deepen understanding or master a skill

5. How to explain • Analyze audience’s source of ‘confusion’ • What can the audience be confused about? • Why the audience might not understand info? • Identify good, empirically supported techniques (explanations) for overcoming audience confusion • Rowan article

6. Steps to follow to develop your presentation

7. Read assigned material Focus on one aspect Classify the aspect Is it a idea that is hard to believe? Is it a process? Is it a concept? Identify invalid assumptions of implicit theory etc. Examples, counter examples etc. Model to explain processes or parts

8. Focus of Your Presentation • Answer ONE of the following : • What does a concept mean? • How are two things related? • Why are two things not related ? • Your short presentations will answer the qs 1 your long presentation may answer qs 1 & 2 OR qs 1 & 3 (depending on support/non support for hypothesis)

9. Steps to follow when explaining a concept…. • Define concept to be explained by listing its features • Give examples of concept • Differentiate concept from confusing concept • Give examples of confusing concept that can be mistaken for examples of the concept to be explained • Compare features of the concept to be explained and the confusing concept

10. One example on how to explain concepts

11. Give examples of the concept • What is a hypothesis • Examples of a hypothesis • Frequent giving and receiving boosts productivity and social standing • Perceived generosity is positively related to social status

12. Differentiate concept from confusing concept • A hypothesis is not a variable or a result • Examples • A result= The level of frequent giving was high • A variable= The level of productivitywas low

13. Define concept by listing features • Features of a hypothesis • Must be empirically testable • At least two variables must be involved Sekaran, Saks

14. Comparing examples of concept vs. counter concept

15. Comparing features of concept vs. counter concept

16. After developing content of your presentation, think about structure and ordering of that content

17. Structural Aspects of Presentation Slides

18. Examples of Intro & Summaries

19. Summary vs. Implication • What is a summary? • More like “learning points” • It is a short descriptive review of what you just explained • An implication • E.g., Why audience should care about your presentation • E.g., now that the audience knows about your presentation how should they apply it

20. What’s next….

21. Titles • Titles for entire presentation • Should reflect the question you will answer • Can reflect the agenda (if short) • E.g., What makes a good leader? • Titles of each slide • Title should reflect the content of the slide • Titles should tell you the connection to the previous slide– REFLECT LOGICAL ORGANIZATION

22. Titles of slides vs. Headings vs. subheadings Title of slide is an accurate description of the content of the slide Headings Subheadings elaborate on points made in headings

23. Another feature of titles of slides • Titles of slides should connect with each other and form the structure of your presentation

24. Putting it all togetherAn example of how to explain concepts with examples, counter examples & features, using good titles, headings & subheadings,

25. What is a Field Study

26. Examples • Field study • Handgun magazine sales & gun related deaths from Guns & Crime Article in Economist • Conference Board study • Sample Survey • Gallup Polls • Meta-analysis

27. Features differentiating research designs • Degree to which • They Maximize generality of behaviors studied • The behavior being studied is independent of the setting • Settings are natural to the behavior being studied • results are specific of the Systems studied • Cause & effect are determined precisely

28. A tabular display of similarities & differences between field study & sample survey

29. Differences & Similarities between Field Study & Sample Survey

30. A graphic display of similarities & differences between field study & sample survey(also serves as summary)

31. Runkel & McGrath, 1972 Contrived Settings Maximum Precision Obtrusive Operations Experimental Simulations Lab Experiments Field Experiments Setting Independent Natural Settings Sample Surveys Field Studies Maximum Context Computer Simulations Formal Theory Unobtrusive Operations Maximum Generality Behavior not measured Universal Behavior Systems Particular Behavior Systems

32. What you learned so far... • How to generate the content of your short oral presentation • How to structure the content

33. Additional types of explanations for Long Presentation • Why are the variables in your hypothesis are related • Why the variables in you hypothesis are not related

34. How to explain why two things are related • Creating a good general impression • Conceptualize parts

35. 1st step to explaining why two things are related • Provide a good general impression of phenomenon via…. • Graphics/Models • Verbal strategies • Structure suggesting titles • Five dimensions of personality • Organizing analogies • An organization is like a jazz quartet • Model suggesting topic sentences • Need fulfillment works like a pyramid • Note: Models/analogies should be commonly shared

36. Example explanation of why two things are relatedUsing Previously read abstract on help & productivity

37. Giving a general impression Productivity Frequency of Help Social Status

38. 2nd step to explaining why two things are related • Help audience conceptualize parts, processes, inter-relations via • Transitional phrases, previews, summaries & explicit statements of relationships that help in refining mental models • Do not use short sentences and sacrifice words like “because” and “for example” • Repeat/recreate initial comparisons

39. Example: Breaking down the process Productivity Efficiency in resource exchange Information about others’ interests Frequency of Help Liking for helper Social Status

40. How to explain why hypothesis is not supported • Identify reason for hypothesis • Identify limitations of reasoning for hypothesis • Explain the reason for the counter hypothesis & how that reason is supported with empirical evidence

41. Example explanation of counter hypothesis Step 1 • e.g., Participation does not lead more difficult goals being set • Identify reason for pro hypothesis • Participation results in more difficult goals being set because subordinates want their supervisors to believe that they are highly capable and therefore choose more difficult goals than those that may be assigned to them by the supervisor

42. Example explanation of counter hypothesis Step 2 • Demonstrate limitations of reason behind pro hypothesis • Assumes that supervisors do not know the abilities of the subordinates and so assign easy goals

43. Example explanation of counter hypothesis Step 3 • Explain the reason for the counter hypothesis & how that reason is supported with empirical evidence • When supervisors know the abilities of subordinates, participation does not result in more difficult goals as shown in results of study x....

44. What you learned today • How to generate the content of a presentation of ‘research’ • Define variables • Explain why things are related • Explain why things are not related • How to structure the content