Making An Oral Presentation

1. Making An Oral Presentation

2. Steps to be followed • Planning • Preparation • Outline of the talk • Body of the talk • Practice • Making the presentation • Answering questions

3. Planning the Talk • Type of talk • Seminar, Doctoral Committee, Conference, Viva-voce exam • Different purposes need different talks • Composition of the audience • General audience or specialists? • How many people are expected to attend?

4. Planning the Talk (Continued) • The time allotted for the talk • The longer the talk, the more freedom you will have to explore the topic. • A short talk needs to be very clear and address the topic directly. • Information content • State the purpose of the talk and clearly address it during the presentation. • Novel concepts or building upon prior knowledge? Make it clear.

5. Preparation • Start preparing well in advance by thinking through and collecting material for the talk. • Identify the issues you plan to discuss. • Arrange these issues in a logical sequence.

6. Preparation (Continued) • Use short sentences with simple constructions that will catch the attention of the audience. • Make a logical transition while changing from one issue to the next. This can be done by posing a question. • Walk through the talk once. Go back and re-think the sequencing. Discard non-essential elements.

7. Preparation (Continued) • Do not assume that the audience will be familiar with basic concepts that form the foundation of your talk. Outline these concepts briefly but clearly and early in the talk to avoid confusion. • Attempt to identify problems or questions the audience may have and address them in the talk, before the audience has a chance to think of these things themselves.

8. Preparation (Continued) • The most important preparation factor is to rehearse. Do so in private at first. Then try the presentation out in front of a few colleagues. Ask for feedback and act on that information. • Remember, the shorter the talk, the more difficult it will be to cover the material clearly and completely. Be strict about including only what is essential information for the presentation, and removing all the non-essential material.

9. The Presentation • Position Avoid standing behind a light or desk during the presentation. Stand to one side of the projection screen and as close to the audience as possible. • Rate Deliver the material slowly. Use pauses and repeat important information. • Opening The opening presentation should catch the interest and attention of the audience immediately.

10. The Presentation (Continued) • Transitions The link between successive elements of the talk should be planned carefully, and flow smoothly and logically. You should make the relation between successive elements clear to the audience. • Conclusion Summarize the main concepts you have discussed, and how your work relates to issues you have raised. Signal the conclusion as: "In summary”, ……. • Length Never outrun the time. Shorten your talk by removing details, concepts, and information, and not by eliminating words. Always leave time for a few questions at the end of the talk.

11. Handling Questions • Understand the question, if necessary by asking for clarification. • Wait for the questioner to finish asking the question before you begin your answer. • Do not rush to answer, but take a moment to reflect on the question before you answer. • If a question is asked during the talk, and it will clarify an ambiguity, answer it immediately.

12. Handling Questions (Continued) • Postpone other questions until the end of the talk. This is particularly important if the answer will distract either you or the audience away from the flow of your presentation. • Avoid extended answers and arguments. • If you can't answer a question, just say so. You may then • offer to research an answer, then get back to the questioner later. • ask for suggestions from the audience.

13. Outline of a 20-min. Presentation • Title / Author / Affiliation / email (1 slide) • Scope / Objective (1 slide) Give gist of problem attacked. This is the "abstract" of an oral presentation. • Outline (1 slide) Give talk structure. Note: Most international conferences are of 20 mts. duration.

14. Outline of a 20-min. Presentation (Continued) • Background • Related Work (0-1 slide) Cover briefly; refer only to what is relevant to your present work. • Motivation and Problem Statement (1 slide) Why this work? This may be combined with Objective. • Methods (2 to 4 slides) • Algorithm • Architecture Refer only to your work.

15. Talk Outline (Continued) • Results (3 to 5 slides) • Present key results and key insights. This is the main body of the talk. Its internal structure varies greatly as a function of the researcher's contribution. • Do not superficially cover all results. Instead, cover key results well. Do not just present numbers; interpret them to give insights. • Summary or Conclusions (1 slide) • Future Work (0-1 slide) Optional: Present the problems this research opens up.

16. Talk Outline (Continued) • Backup Slides (0-3 slides) Optional: Have a few slides ready (not counted in your total talk) to answer expected questions. Likely question areas: Ideas skipped, shortcomings of methods or results, and future work. • Number of Slides (totally 15 slides, maximum) • Presentation time: 15 mts. • Questions and answers: 5 mts.

17. Writing A Technical Paper / Report

18. Outline • Title • Abstract • Introduction • Problem Description • Methodology • Results • Conclusion • Future Work • Bibliography • Appendix

19. Title • This page should contain • the Title • Author’s name • Affiliation with address • Date (not for a paper)

20. Abstract • Should be 100 to 200 words in length • Identify and clearly describe the problem • Express the central concepts of the problem and your solution or result

21. Introduction • Best written after the descriptions and conclusions • Outline the work done earlier by other researchers relevant to your present work • Problems or limitations in earlier work • How were these problems solved or limitations overcome?

22. Introduction (Continued) • Broad overview of what is contained in the paper/report • Complete statement of the problem • Purpose including background • Scope and depth of coverage • Method of solving the problem

23. Problem Description • More specific description of the problem than that mentioned in the introduction and should include • Description of the parameters and the environment • Mathematical concepts, if any, used in the solution • Description of what is involved in the solution of the problem • Any outside elements that would affect the outcome

24. Methodology • Methodology is a step by step description of the solution and should contain • The tactics used for the solution • Development of any mathematical model used • Reasons for choosing this model • List of all equations and functions used • Completeness is important in this section • It is the easiest part to write since it is a step-by-step account of the work carried out

25. Results • Experiments conducted along with the experimental environment and the tools used • Description of what you observed from the application of your mathematical model • Should be only long enough to present the evidence of your work

26. Conclusion • Attempt to answer the question posed in the introduction • What you learned from the work • Should be analytical, interpretive, and include explanatory arguments • Show evidence that the results represent a satisfactory solution to the problem

27. Future Work • Plans you have for future work on the same problem, if any • Modifications you might make

28. Bibliography • Traditional literary methods for writing the bibliography • The rules for footnotes, citations, etc.

29. Appendix • This is applicable for a technical report and not for a paper. • The following information should be found in appendix: • A listing of your code or other computational model • Any raw data • All graphs generated to represent your data

30. A Sample Oral Presentation

31. Development of a Novel Compression Algorithm and FPGA Implementation of MPEG 2 Video Encoder < Name > < Department > < Postal Address > < email >

32. Objective • Develop a compression algorithm and architecture suitable • for FPGA/ASIC implementation and design a high resolution video encoder conforming to MPEG 2 standard. • Contents of the Talk • Introduction to video compression and issues involved • Contribution of other researchers relevant to the present work • A novel, parallel algorithm for fast evaluation of DCTQ • Architecture of MPEG 2 Video Encoder • Results of the Implemented MPEG 2 Video Encoder • Conclusion • References

33. Introduction • Need for Image Compression • Video processing applications require large storage and high speed channel for transmission. • For example, • Two hours of color motion picture of frame size 1024x768 pixels at 30 frames per second in the raw format will require about 510 GB of memory and channel speed of 567 Mbps for effective communication. • Image compression techniques are imperative.

34. Issues Involved in Image/Video Compression • Speed of processing • Must be high for processing high resolution (1024x768 pixels) video conforming to MPEG 2 standard at 30 F/S • Compression and picture quality • High compression and quality desired: 20:1 and >30 dB • Power considerations • For low power applications, the picture size can be traded off

35. Image/Video Compression Techniques • Out of all the techniques proposed for image compression, transform based coding techniques are popular owing to • Simplicity and regularity • Suitability for hardware implementations • Of the transform coding technique implementations, the DCT based hardware implementations consume far less hardware and offer very high processing speeds with good quality of reconstructed image.

36. Contribution of researchers relevant to the present work • A VLSI implementation of a video encoder has been reported by Sato et al. [1]. It is capable of processing color pictures of size 720x480 pixels at 30 frames/sec. in MPEG-2 format. However, the design is very complex and have been accommodated in six chips. • Chuck Hurlbut, IBM [2] has implemented MPEG-2 video encoder as ASIC, capable of processing color pictures of size 720x608 pixels at 30 frames/sec. However, this implementation requires external high speed (100 MHz) SDRAM or SSRAM. • The present author has implemented earlier [3] MPEG-2 video encoder on a single FPGA, capable of processing color pictures of size 1024x768 pixels at 25 frames/sec.

37. Present work • Improvements have been made in various functional modules of the previous work [3] and is now capable of processing color pictures of size 1024x768 pixels at 30 frames/sec. in MPEG-2 format using FPGA. Reconstructed video quality has also been improved. • The same design works for color motion pictures of sizes of up to1600x1200 pixels at 30 frames/sec. on ASIC, synthesized using 0.09 micron technology of TSMC. • The present MPEG 2 implementation processes video sequences as intra (I) frames and not as P/B frames in order to reduce H/W and increase the processing speed.

38. Video compression for I Frames comprises three basic operations • Prepare the ground for compression of image in the spatial domain by transforming the image to frequency domain using DCT. • Energy tends to get clustered in a few transform coefficients. • Quantize (Q) the frequency domain coefficients using non-uniform step sizes. This brings out the first level of compression by turning insignificant coefficients to zeros, which are not coded. • Losslessly assign variable length codes (VLC) to the quantized coefficients to remove redundancy, which brings out even more compression for subsequent onward transmission of bit stream.

39. 7 7 v u é ù 1 é ù ( 2x + 1 ) ( 2y + 1 ) ( ) = cos (u , v) y cos c v x, ( ) DCT c u å å ( ) f ê ú ê ú 4 16 ë û 16 ë û = = x y 0 0 A Novel, Parallel Algorithm for Fast Evaluation of DCTQ 2D-DCT of an image block of size 8x8 pixels is defined as: where f (x, y) is the pixel intensity and c(u) = c(v) = 1/√2 for u = v = 0 = 1 for u, v = 1 to 7. The DCT can be expressed conveniently in a two-stage matrix multiplication form: DCT = C X CT = ( (C X) CT)

40. A Novel, Parallel Algorithm for Fast Evaluation of DCTQ (Continued) • The two-stage matrix multiplication can be implemented by parallel architecture wherein eight partial products, whichare the row vectors of CX generated in the first stage, are fed to the second stage. • Subsequently, eight DCT coefficients corresponding to a row of C X CT are generated by multiplying row vector of CX by the CT matrix. • While computing the (n+1)’th partial products of CX, the n’th row DCT coefficients can also be computed simultaneously since the n’th partial products of CX are already available. • Application of DCTQ on an 8x8 pixel block generates sixty four quantized coefficients in a raster scan order.

41. Processing Order of DCTQ and VLC in an Image Block ………………. 8 2 1 DCTQ Processing: Raster-scan Order ………………. 16 10 9 . . . . VLC Processing: Zig-zag Order . . . . . . . . ………………. 64 57 58

42. Architecture of MPEG 2 Video Encoder Dual RAM Video 64 x 9 bits F I F O 1 DCTQ RLE 64 x 9 bits n1 n1 system_clk system_clk Header Generator Controller VLC n2 M U X n2 system_clk To Serial Channel F I F O 2 Serialiser F I F O 3 output_clk serialiser_clk

43. Synplify Synthesis and Xilinx P&R Results of the Implemented MPEG 2 Video Encoder Target FPGA: Xilinx Virtex Pro XC2VP30 -6 FF896 Design coded in Verilog Synthesis Place & Route

44. Time Required to Process a Frame vs. Output FIFO Depth

45. Frame Rate Supported by the Encoder for Various Output FIFO Depth

46. Size: 640x480 Pixels Compression: 38 PSNR: 33 dB Reconstructed Apple Image Original Apple Image Size: 352x288 Pixels Compression: 19 PSNR: 32 dB Reconstructed Tennis Sequence Frame 104 Original Tennis Sequence Frame 104 Reconstructed Pictures of Sample Video Sequences

47. Conclusions • Video compression is inevitable for reduction of storage and channel bandwidth requirements. • Major challenges posed are in the development of algorithms and architectures for real-time implementation. • High resolution pictures of sizes of up to 1600x1200 pixels at 30 frames/sec. can be processed with the implemented video encoder conforming to MPEG 2 standard. • Video quality was good with PSNR value of 32 dB min. • Compression effected: 19 to 38.

48. References • Sato, H., H.Ohira, M. Kazayama, A. Harada, M. Yoshimoto, O. Tanno, S. Kumaki, K. Ishihara, A. Hanami and T. Matsumura (2000), “MPEG-2 4:2:2 @ HL Encoder chip set”, Proc. of ISCAS 2000, iv- 41 to 44. • Chuck Hurlbut (1998), “MPEG-2 video encoder products”, IBM Microelectronics, Endicott, NY. • S. Ramachandran and S. Srinivasan, “A fast, FPGA-based MPEG-2 video encoder with a novel automatic quality control scheme”, Elsevier, Journal of Microprocessors and Microsystems, UK, 2002, 25, pp. 449-457.

49. Thank you

50. Additional Slides