Westward Expansionism to the Present

1. Westward Expansionism to the Present

2. Reasons settlers went west • gold rush • Land • Open businesses (proprietors) • Find work (railroad…) • Frontier – the edge or imaginary boundary between an explored and unexplored area

4. Hundreds of thousands of settlers moved west to farm. These settlers faced numerous problems. 1. Harsh Climate – cold winters, hot summers, and drought. 2. Insects such as grasshoppers. 3. Overproduction of crops led to low crop prices. Farmers could not pay off debts.

5. Definition: Railroad that stretched across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. • Built by Chinese and Irish immigrants • Union Pacific Railroad began in Omaha and went west. • Central Pacific Railroad began in Sacramento and went east • Met at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869.

6. Transcontinental Railroad • Connected the East and West together. • Could travel across country in a week instead of months. • Carried people, supplies, equipment, mail, and other goods quickly and cheaply. • Responsible for the mass killing of the buffalo across the Great Plains.

7. Westward Movement • Native Americans used the buffalo for all of the following: • Food (jerky) • Clothes • Shelter (tepees) • Tools • Weapons • Jewelry • Depended on the buffalo for their way of life.

8. Homestead Act (1862) – encouraged settlement of the last remaining areas of the Great Plains. • Buffalo Herds destroyed • Native Americans Forced onto reservations

9. Rise of American Industry • Free Enterprise System – economic system in which each privately owned business decides what to produce, how much to produce, and what prices to charge. • Corporation – a business owned by many investors. • Trust – a group of corporations run by a single board of directors. • Monopoly – a company that controls all or nearly all business in a particular industry. • Assembly line – a manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a conveyor belt.

10. Rise of Business • Mass Production – the manufacturing of large numbers of identical products quickly and cheaply. Problems caused by Monopolies & Trusts • Eliminates competition and choices • Higher prices and lower quality goods • Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Anti-trust Act passed to prevent/control monopolies.

11. Business Tycoons • By 1880 New York is the largest industrial state. • Andrew Carnegie – dominated steel industry • John D. Rockefeller – dominated oil business • J. P. Morgan – dominated the banking industry. • Cornelius Vanderbilt – dominated the railroad industry. • Philanthropist - a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by the generous donation of money to good causes

12. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) – 146 workers killed in fire when they were locked in the building. • New safety laws were passed as a result. • Drew attention to the struggle of workers in sweatshops.

13. Response of Labor • Sweatshop – a factory where workers toil long hours under poor conditions for low pay. • Labor Unions were formed to improve working conditions and raise salaries. • Strikes used to get employers to meet demands. • American Federation of Labor (AFL) – rep. skilled labor. Samuel Gompers was president • Knights of Labor – rep. unskilled workers Terence Powderly was president.

14. Urbanization • Urban (city), Rural (country) • Urbanization (1865- 1920) – movement from rural areas to the cities. • More people lived in cities than rural areas for the first time in 1920. • Reasons for urbanization: • 1) factory jobs • 2) culture • 3) European immigration • 4) African American migration from the South

15. Transportation Over Crowding Inadequate Public Services Problems created by rapid Urbanization Social Tensions Corruption

16. New Wave of Immigration • Old Immigrants came before 1885 from Northern and Western Europe. • New Immigrants came after 1885 from Southern and Eastern Europe. • Extremely poor, spoke little English, settled in ghettos • Came because of either push or pull factors • Millions of immigrants entered America through either Ellis Island or Angel Island.

17. New Wave of Immigration • Tenement – building divided into many tiny apartments. • Assimilation – the process of becoming part of another culture • Nativism - the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. • Steerage – large compartments that usually held cattle.

18. Limits on Immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act and Immigration Acts of the 1920’s sought to restrict and/or set quotas on immigration. • Nativists: wanted to restrict immigration

20. Populist Party Proposals Unlimited coinage of Silver Direct Election of Senators Secret Ballot Graduated Income Tax Restricted Immigration Shorter Work Day

21. Spoils System • The Spoils System is the practice of rewarding loyal political supporters by giving the government job. • Begun by President Andrew Jackson. • The Civil Service Commission was formed to make sure workers received jobs based on merit and were qualified. • All job applicants have to take the Civil Service Test.

24. Progressive Movement (1900 – WWI) • Wanted to stop corruption in business and govt. • Muckrakers – news reporters exposing corruption • Upton Sinclair – “The Jungle” exposed unsanitary conditions in meat packing. • Jacob Riis – wrote “How the Other Half Lives” about tenements in NYC. • Lincoln Steffens – wrote “Shame of the Cities” exposing political bosses. • Ida Tarbell – wrote “The History of Standard Oil exposing the business practices use

25. Election Reforms Secret Ballots Progressive Reforms Direct Party Primaries Direct Election of Senators

28. Progressive Presidents • Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1910) - Break up of Standard Oil monopoly - Pure Food and Drug Act - Meat Inspection Act - Promoted conversation of wildlife • Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) - 16th Amendment created graduated income tax. - Federal Reserve Act – regulated banking industry - 17th Amendment – direct election of Senators - 18th Amendment (1919) – Prohibition of manufacture, transportation and sale of alcohol.

29. Women’s Suffrage Movement • Suffrage – winning the right to vote • 1848 Seneca Falls Convention: led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Often seen as the start of the Women’s Rights Movement. • Stanton and Susan B. Anthony worked through the late 1800’s for women’s right to vote. • 19th Amendment (1920) – prohibits states from denying voting rights based on gender

30. Temperance Movement • Temperance Movement wanted to ban the sale of alcohol in the U.S. • Carrie Nation was a leading figure in the Temperance Movement. She used her hatchet (axe) to destroy saloons. • Women’s Christian Temperance Union or W.C.T.U led by Francis Willard.

31. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois • Booker T. Washington was born a slave in Alabama. • He founded the Tuskegee Institute. • Accepted segregation at the time. • Dr. W.E.B Du Bois was born in Massachusetts • Graduated from Harvard • Helped Co-found the NAACP • Urged African Americans to fight discrimination • Did not accept segregation

32. Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. • Enacted by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures in the late nineteenth century after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued to be enforced until 1965.

33. American Colonial Empire • Imperialism – the control of one country by another. • Reasons for Overseas Expansion: 1. Economics 2. Belief in Moral Superiority 3. Desire to be a great power • US annexed Hawaii and held onto the Philippine Islands

34. American Imperialism • U.S. purchased Alaska in 1867 from Russia for $7.2 million. • Secretary of State William Seward saw Alaska as a “stepping stone” to trade in Asia. • Nicknamed “Seward’s Folly” because many thought it was a frozen waste land at the time. • Became a state in 1959.

36. American Imperialism • U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898 under President William McKinley. • American sugar planters revolted against Queen Liliuokalani. • Saw Hawaii as a military and commercial outpost in the Pacific. • Became a state in 1959.

38. American Imperialism • Isolationism is having little or nothing to do with foreign nations. • Imperialism is when a stronger nation seeks to control the political and economic policies of a weaker nation.

39. US Involvement in the Pacific • Japan: 1853 Commodore Perry demands open trade with Japan. • China: • Open Door Policy: all nations should have equal trading rights with China • Boxer Rebellion: opposed Western intervention and attacked foreigners • Caribbean: - US becomes policeman of the Caribbean - Roosevelt Corollary – “Big Stick Policy” • Panama Canal: • US helped rebels gain independence in exchange for right to build and control canal

40. Yellow Journalism Humanitarian Concerns Causes of Spanish/American War Economic Interests Sinking of the Maine

42. Spanish American War • US defeated Spanish in Cuba and Puerto Rico • US took control of Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico • Cuba gained its independence.

44. U.S. and WWI • Outbreak of World War I - Militarism - Alliances - Imperialism - Nationalism • Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand by GavrilloPrincip on June 28, 1914 began World War I. • U.S. was neutral when the war began.

45. Causes of U.S. Involvement in WWI • Russian Revolution • Unrestricted submarine warfare • Sinking of the Lusitania • The Zimmerman Telegram Russian Revolution Sinking of Lusitania Zimmerman Telegram

46. Treaty of Versailles • Wilsons’ 14 Points – America’s war aims - reduce arms - freedom of the seas - end secret treaties - League of Nations(US did not join/isolationism) • Treaty was very harsh - reparations - gave up territory - full blame for the war

47. The Roaring 20’s • Prosperity of the 20’s - Rise of the automobile and associated industries - Improved Production: assembly line - Development of other Industries: esp. household products - Laissez-Faire Capitalism (govt. should interfere with business affairs as little as possible)

48. Cultural Change of the 20’s • Flappers • Increased independence: women/youth • Increased leisure time: entertainment/sports • Harlem Renaissance: migration of African Americans from South to Harlem, NY. Center of cultural expression. • Music • Art • Writing

49. Prohibition: 18th Amendment ratified 1919, prohibited manufacture, transportation and sale of alcohol. Ineffective law was repealed in 1933 with passage of 21st amendment. • Red Scare: fear of Communism especially among new immigrants to the United States. • Ku Klux Klan: hostile to African Americans, Catholics, Jews and immigrants and acted violently towards them. Lynching of African Americans was not uncommon.

50. The Great Depression • Depression – extreme economic downturn. • Causes of the Great Depression: - Overproduction - Shaky Banking: no regulation - Stock Market Speculation: margin buying • Stock Market Crash cost most investors everything: business shut down, job loss, home loss. • Dust bowl: Droughts, high winds, migration to the west.