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U. S. Expansionism:. What are the U.S. land acquisitions from 1783-1865? What do they have in common?. U. S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition. Treat of Paris - 1783. • All British territory in North America south of Quebec, north of Florida, and east of the Mississippi river.
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U.S. Expansionism: • What are the U.S. land acquisitions from 1783-1865? • What do they have in common?
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition Treat of Paris - 1783 • All British territory in North America south of Quebec, north of Florida, and east of the Mississippi river
U.S. Expansionism: Foreign Policy Washington’s Farewell Address • Treat all nations equally • Avoid alliances except in emergencies • Follow policy of neutrality in all dealings with other countries
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition Louisiana Purchase – 1803 • • Purchased from France • • $15 million • • All the land where water drains into the Mississippi river • Constitutional?
U.S. Expansionism: Foreign Policy War of 1812 • England and France went to war with each other • England continues to harass and force American sailors into their navy • England never left the Great Lakes territory and continued trading with Native Americans there
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition Adams-Onis Treaty– 1819 • • Treaty with Spain • • Seminole War pushed U.S. troops (under Jackson’s command) into Florida where they seized two Spanish forts • U. S. gave up its claim to Texas
U.S. Expansionism: Foreign Policy The Monroe Doctrine James Monroe’s 1823 State of the Union address: • U.S. non-interference in Europe • Declared American continents “closed” to further colonization
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition Manifest Destiny • 1844 - James K. Polk presidential campaign • “The destiny of the U.S. to stretch from sea to sea”
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition Annexation of Texas 1845 • After controversial border dispute, the U.S. defeats Mexico in the war • Mexico sells the upper 1/3 of its land to the U.S. for $15 million in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition Mexican Cession • After controversial border dispute, the U.S. defeats Mexico in the Mexican War • Mexico sells the upper 1/3 of its land to the U.S. for $15 million in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition • Other treaties/border claims not mentioned include: • - West Florida (claim - 1810) • - Red River (treaty - 1818) • - Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) • - Gasden Purchase (treaty/purchase - 1853)
U.S. Expansionism: To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States expansionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a departure?
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition Alaska(1867) • Purchased by Sec. of State Seward • $7.2 Million (less than 2¢ an acre) • Logging and Mining resources
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition U.S. in the Pacific • Samoa (1878) - Protectorate for refueling • Hawaii (1898) - 1820’s Missionaries bought land, cattle and sugar - The U.S. wanted to trade freely - 1893 Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown - 1898 Hawaii annexed at beginning of Spanish-American War
U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Cuba • One of the oldest Spanish colonies • Cubans began fighting for independence 1895 • Guerrilla fighters began burning American-owned sugar plantations • Spanish crackdown on civilians brutally (up to 200,000 died in detention centers)
U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Yellow Journalism • U.S. newspapers reported incidents happening in Cuba • Hearst vs. Pulitzer - competition to sell papers • Exaggerated circumstances to excite readers - inflamed public opinion against Spain “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll supply the war” - W.R. Hearst
U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Insults and Explosions thatStarted a War De Lome Letter • Spanish diplomat called President McKinley “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd” USS Maine • U.S. ship sent to protect American citizens explodes in Havana harbor • U.S. blames Spain despite lack of evidence
U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Initial Ideas for After the War • Congress authorizes war with Spain ONLY IF after the war ends, the U.S. agrees to “leave control of the island to its people” (Teller Amendment-1898)
U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War First Battle • Manila Bay, Philippines • Dewey leads Navy to victory over outdated Spanish fleet • Three months needed to amass a land force. U.S. relies on Filipino resistance led by Emelio Aguinaldo
U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Main Battle • U.S. leads disasterous landing in SE Cuba • Roosevelt lead Rough Riders in taking Kettle Hill • U.S. regulars (“Buffalo Soldiers”) take San Juan Hill in decisive battle
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition Spanish-American War Treaty of Paris (1899) …yes, another Treaty of Paris • officially ended the “splendid little war” – John Hay, Secretary of State • U.S. gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines • Filipinos were not happy about trading Spanish rule for American rule, vowed to keep fighting
U.S. Expansionism: Foreign Policy Spanish-American War Teller Amendment- 1898 “leave control of the island to its people” • Platt Amendment-1901 • New Cuban Constitution must agree to: • Not form alliances with foreign nations • Not contract debt (borrow money) from foreign nations • • U.S. maintains right to intervene in Cuban affairs • • U.S. leases land for naval base at Guantanamo Bay
U.S. Expansionism: Filipino Uprising • • Filipinos who had helped the U.S. against Spain wanted independence • • Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vows to keep fighting if they don’t get their independence • Other European powers are looking to colonize the region • What should the U.S. do?
U.S. Expansionism: Filipino Uprising • • Guerrilla war lasted 2 ½ years • • US destroyed villages and herded civilians into prison camps • Mark Twain “We have pacified…the islanders and buried them; destroyed their fields; burned their villages’ and turned their widows and orphans out-of-doors…And so…we are a World Power”
U.S. Expansionism: Land Acquisition The Philippines • •7,000+ U.S. soldiers and 20,000 Filipino soldiers died • 200,000 Filipino civilians died • • U.S. tactics ended up being brutally similar to ones used by Spain in Cuba • US builds schools & establishes participatory governments • • Philippine Independence not granted until 1946
U.S. Expansionism: Where else in the Pacific was the U.S. involved? China • • China was divided up into “Spheres of Influence”that gave sole trading rights for Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Japan in those areas • 1900 - Boxer Rebellion put down by international forces (including the U.S.) • • U.S. proposed to keep China independent, but support “Open Door Policy” for equal trade rights
U.S. Expansionism: An Imperial Power?
U.S. Expansionism– 1900s • See other slide show
