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AP Euro Tutoring Session

AP Euro Tutoring Session. Agenda. DBQ Thesis Practice (9- 10) POV and Grouping (10- 11) Break (11- 11:30) Content Review (11:30- 12:45) Questions (12:45- 1). I. Middle Ages. Black Death Medieval Society Medieval Church The Hundred Years’ War Important Documents of the M.A.

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AP Euro Tutoring Session

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  1. AP Euro Tutoring Session

  2. Agenda • DBQ Thesis Practice (9- 10) • POV and Grouping (10- 11) • Break (11- 11:30) • Content Review (11:30- 12:45) • Questions (12:45- 1)

  3. I. Middle Ages • Black Death • Medieval Society • Medieval Church • The Hundred Years’ War • Important Documents of the M.A.

  4. A. Black Death • Introduced by seaborn rats from the Black Sea area • By 15th century Europe had lost 40% of its pop. 2. Lack of sophisticated medicine • Led to superstitions about the plague • Poisonous fumes released during earthquakes • Jews spread plague • Led to popular remedies • Use of leeches • Flagellants- believed that beating themselves until they bled would bring about divine intervention

  5. B. Medieval Society • Decrease in population • Farm Labor decreased • Skilled artisans increased • Economic power of trade guilds and artisans grew • Revolts • Peasants rebelled against govts that attempted to limit their wages • English peasants’ revolt of 1381 2. Cities • After the plague cities prospered– need for more expensive goods • Hansic League • Universities and Scholasticism • First university founded in early 13thc. (1200s) • Taught a variety of subjects • Mini Renaissance in 13thc. • St. Thomas Aquinas- world would be explained through Christian dogma

  6. 3. European Feudal Structure King Nobles Knights Vassal

  7. 3. Feudalism cont… • Emerged during the High Middle Ages • Reciprocal relationships based on loyalty and protection

  8. C. Medieval Church • Pope Innocent III (r. 1198- 1216) • Transformed the church into a secular power/ created a papal monarchy • Dispose benefices (gifts of land as a reward for services rendered) • Can declare saints • Pope Urban IV (r. 1261- 1264) • Continued secularization • Est. Rota Romana(religious law court) • Broadened the distribution of benefices • College of Cardinals became politicized

  9. C. Medieval Church cont… 3. Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294- 1303) • Refused English and French efforts to tax the clergy without papal approval • Clericislaicos • Unam Sanctum • Temporal authority is subject to the power of the church 4. Babylonian Captivity • Pope Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon to avoid French king and Rome

  10. C. Medieval Church cont… 5. Pope John XXII (r.1316- 1334) • Tried to restore the papacy to Rome 6. Protests against the church • William of Ockham & Marsilus of Padua • Protested papal power • John Wycliffe & John Huss led popular lay movements (Lollards and the Hussites) that protested the rights of the papacy 7. The Great Schism (1378- 1417) • Pope Clement VII elected by the council of cardinals after the election of Pope Urban VI • Cardinals deposed both and elected a new pope Alexander V • 3 Popes claimed spiritual authority

  11. Medieval Church cont… 8. Concilliar Movement a) an effort to control/ regulate the actions of the pope by councils b)Council of Constance meets • Sacrosancta recognizes the Roman pope Gregory XII the one pope 9. Crusades • 1st crusade launched in 1095 • Against Islamic rule of the Holy Land • Against Jews • Sack of Constantinople 1204 • During the 4th crusade

  12. D. Hundred Years’ War • War between the monarchs of England and France (1337- 1453) a) Edward III (England) claims his right to the French throne after the death of Charles IV b) fight over Flanders 2. English success a) military superiority • Longbow 3. French weakness a) territorial in fighting b) lack of leadership 4. Battles a) Crecy (1346) b) Poitiers (1356) c) Agincourt (1415)

  13. D. Hundred Years’ War cont… 5. The Peace of Bretigny (1360) a) recognized English holdings in France in exchange for Edward III renouncing his claim to the French throne 6. Joan of Arc (1412- 1431) a) heard the voice of God b) led the French to victory in the Battle of Orleans c) served as an inspiration to the French d) burned at the stake 7. France eventually wins the war

  14. E. Important docs of the M.A. • Magna Carta 1215 a) limited the power of the king b) created a co- governing body which would later be known as parliament

  15. II. Renaissance • Renaissance in Italy • Humanism • Northern Renaissance

  16. A. Renaissance in Italy • 3 major city states • Florence • Milan • Venice • Treaty of Lodi (1454- 1455) • Alliance between Naples, Milan, Florence and their rivals, Venice and the Papal States • Cosimo de Medici (1389- 1464) • Influenced the local council Signoria • Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449- 1492) • Totalitarian rule (1478- 1492) 4. Piero de Medici • Florence and Naples against Milan • Exiled after handing Pisa and other Florentine possessions to France

  17. 5. Milan • Visconti- 1278 • Sforza- 1450 • Ruled without constitutional restraint or political competition • Ludovicoil Moro • Asked France for help against Naples and its allies • France ends up with Florence as a result • Ferdinand of Aragon creates the League of Venice 6. Girolamo Savonarola (1452- 1498) • Radical Dominican monk • Convinced radical mob to exile Piero de Medici • Ruled Florence until he was imprisoned and later executed in 1498 7. Venice was ruled by merchant oligarchy & Doge

  18. B. Humanism • Believed in: • Study of the ideals expressed in Latin and Greek classics • Importance of a well rounded education • Baldassare Castiglione (1478- 1529) • Book of the Courtier • Espoused a program of study that included rhetoric, politics, moral philosophy, poetry, history and embraced classical and biblical sources 3. Florentine Platonic Acadamy • Under the patronage of Cosimo de Medici • Studied Plato and Neoplatonists

  19. 4. Francesco Petrarch (1304- 74) • Father of Humanism 5. Giovanni Boccacio • Decameron • Tale of 10 people who escape Florence to avoid the plague • Each tells a story with a theme 6. Dante Alighieri • The Devine Comedy • Allegorical poem of Christian afterlife • Helped est. the Tuscan dialect in which it is written as the Italian standard • Draws on the theological teachings of Aquinas by telling the story of a man who travels through hell, purgatory and heaven

  20. 7. Art of the Renaissance • Techniques • Secularism • Chiaroscuro • Linear perspective • Leonardo da Vinci • Renaissance man (sculptor, writer, inventor, engineer, painter etc.) • Mona Lisa, Last Supper • Raphael • School of Athens • Michelangelo • David • Last Supper

  21. C. Northern Renaissance • Also known as Christian Humanism • Stimulated by the learning imported by students returning to the Netherlands from Italy • Effects spread further by the effects of the French invasions of Italy • Supported by the Brothers of the Common Life (lay religious movement) • Diverse social background • Interested in religious reform • Printing Press • Educational ideals to more people were spread

  22. f) Figures of the northern Renaissance • Desiderious Erasmus • Tried to unite the classical ideal of civic virtue w/ Christian ideals • Thomas More • Utopia a critique of society that envisioned an imaginary society based on tolerance and communal property

  23. III. Voyages of Discovery and New Empires of the West • Opening of the Atlantic • Explorers • Empires

  24. A. Opening of the Atlantic • God, gold, glory • Inventions • Compass • Quadrant- measure latitude • Portolani maps- provided detailed info on direction • Caravel ship- lateen sail

  25. B. Explorers • Christopher Columbus (1451- 1506) • Italian • Explored for the Spanish crown– “discovered” America • Made four trips • Ferdinand Magellan (1480- 1521) • Portuguese • Sailed for Spain • First to circumnavigate the Earth • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394- 1460) • Portuguese prince– founded the school for seafarers • Sought to conquer unknown worlds and bring riches and supplies back to Europe • Hernando Cortes (1460- 1547) • Spanish • Conquistador– conquered the Aztecs • Vasco de Gama • Portuguese • First to make it around Cape of Good Hope • Set up “choke points” to extract trade concessions

  26. C. Colonial Empires • Treaty of Tordesillas • Divided the world in half between Spanish and Portuguese • Portugal eventually gets Brazil & South America • Spain gets Americas • Exploitation • Encomienda system– reciprocal relationship • Settlers received grants of land and native labor • Had to provide Christian education and protection • Bartolome de lasCasas (1484- 1566) • Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies (1542) • Black Legend– Spanish as cruel and violent

  27. IV. Reformation • Protestant Reformation • Protestant Leaders • Counter- Reformation • English Reformation

  28. A. Protestant Reformation • Those who opposed the church were called Protestants after the protests they led • Causes • The Great Schism • Sale of indulgences, nepotism, simony • Angered Protestants who believed that they were not scripturally sound • Clerical immorality & absenteeism • Protestants were alienated by these conditions • Humanism • Rise of scholarship during the Renaissance • Humanists’ interests in returning to classical texts made study of and access to the Bible of great importance

  29. B. Protestant Leaders • Martin Luther (1483- 1546) • German theologian • Did not like Christian teachings that God required perfect righteousness for salvation • “justification by faith alone” • Ninety- five Theses posted on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg • Attacked the Catholic system of indulgences promoted by preachers like John Tetzel • Condemned to heresy in 1520 • Translated the New Testament into German using Erasmus’s Greek text and Latin translation

  30. 2. Ulrich Zwingli (1484- 1531) • Headed the Reformation in Switzerland • Opposed to the sale of indulgences and religious superstition • Petitioned for the end to clerical celibacy and the right to marry • If it was not in the bible it was not to be believed • Questioned traditional behaviors • Fasting • Adoration of saints • Pilgrimages • Other sacraments • Disagreed with Luther • Marburg Colloquy– over the presence of Christ’s body in the Eucharist

  31. 3. John Calvin (1509- 1564) • Leader of the Calvinists • Believed in predestination • “the elect” • Institutes of Christian Religion– theological statement of the Protestant faith • Sovereignty of God • Believed in the unity of church and state • Led a theocracy in Geneva

  32. C. Counter- Reformation • Society of Jesus (aka: Jesuits) • Ignatius of Loyola • Spiritual Exercises • Embodied a program of spiritual disciplines that encouraged believers to transform their spiritual selves through discipline and practice • Council of Trent • Effort by Emperor Charles V to force Pope Paul to reassert church doctrine • Met from 1545- 1563 • Reforms • Restricting the selling of church offices and religious relics • Strengthened the authority of local bishops • Subjected them to new rules that required them to reside in their dioceses and must be visible and accessible to their congregations

  33. D. English Reformation • Took hold in England in the 16th century • Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1475- 1540) • Minister to Henry VIII • Guided royal response to English Protestantism • Sir Thomas More (1478- 1535) • Author of Utopia • Minister to Henry VIII • Henry VIII • Converted himself and all of England to Anglicanism • Thomas Cranmer (1489- 1556) & Thomas Cromwell (1485- 1540) • Lutheran sympathizers helped Henry VIII declare himself supreme ruler over English affairs • Took charge of the Church of England

  34. V. Age of Religious Wars • French Wars of Religion • Imperial Spain • England and Spain • Thirty Years’ War

  35. A. French Wars of Religion • French Protestants (Huguenots) were persecuted under Henry II and it continued until Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) took the throne in 1589 • Catherine de Medicis • Sought alliances • 1562- January Edict • Granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside town • Wars • Began when the Guise family led a massacre on the Huguenots • Catherine aligned herself with the Guises and plotted against the leader of the Huguenots • Catherine supported the 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (3k were killed– in 3 days 20k were killed) • The Peace of Beaulieu– led by Henry III • Granted Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom • Henry III’s murdered led to the rise of Henry IV– converted to Catholicism • Edict of Nantes • Granted Huguenot’s rights within France (freedom of worship & right of assembly among others)

  36. B. Imperial Spain • Philip II • Catholic ruler of Habsburg lands of Bohemia, Austria, Hungary & Castile Spain • Battle of Lepanto– Turkish fleet was put down • Annexation of Portugal • Gained access to their empires in Africa, India and the Americas • Pacification of Ghent 1576 • Catholic and Protestant provinces come together in opposition to Spain • Twelve Years’ Truce • Peace with Spain is achieved when independence is given to the northern provinces • Recognition of this independence was finalized under the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

  37. C. England and Spain • Mary Tudor (Mary I) • Married to Philip II • Restored Catholicism and executed Protestant leaders • Elizabeth Tudor (Elizabeth I) • 1559 Act of Supremacy– undid anti- Protestant legislation • Attempted to maintain peace between both Catholics and Protestants • Mary Stuart Queen of Scotts • Executed by Mary • Catholic and French heir to the Scottish throne

  38. D. Thirty Years’ War (1618- 48) • Four Phases • Bohemian (1618- 1625) • Calvinists demand more freedom from Catholic Habsburg ruler Ferdinand • Defenestration of Prague– Protestant nobility throws two of his regents out a window • Danish (1625- 1629) • King Christian IV of Denmark attempts to bring Protestantism to Germany and is forced to retreat by Maximilian • Ferdinand outlaws Calvinism by issuing the Edict of Restitution • Swedish (1630- 1635) • Military tactics of King GustavusAdolphus of Sweden helps Protestants win battles • Swedes refuse to join the Peace of Prague Agreement– a compromise between German Protestant states and Fredinand • Swedish- French (1635- 1648) • Final phase • French, Swedish and Spanish soldiers wreak havoc on Germany • Most destructive point in the war in which religious issues become secondary to political ones

  39. 2. Treaty of Westphalia • Stopped Ferdinand’s Edict of Restitution and recognized Calvinists • The independence of the Swiss Confederacy and provinces of Holland was proclaimed • German princes were acknowledged as the supreme rulers over their principalities (seusregioeusreligio) • Broadened the legal status of Protestantism in the realm but it perpetuated Germanys internal division and political weakness

  40. VI. State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th centuries • The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline • Two Models of European Political Development • Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England • Rise Absolute Monarchy in France • Central Eastern Europe • Russia’s entrance into the Political Arena • Ottoman Empire

  41. A. The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline • The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline • Only new state to appear in Europe during the modern period • Formal republic– cooperation of provinces • Religious toleration • Economic prosperity– Advanced Dutch capital system

  42. B. Two Models of European Political Development • Monarchy- • England’s monarchs’ efforts to get new sources of income threatened the country’s political and economic stability • France– Louis XIV made French nobility dependent upon his patronage • Allowed the Parlement of Paris to oversee his royal decrees and regional parlements to administer local taxation • Religion • In England the Protestant religious movement of Puritanism opposed the Stuart monarchy and sought to limit its powers • In France Louis XIV with the support of Roman Catholics crushed the Protestant dissident movement to create religious unity • Government • In England– representative Parliament (not a very strong inst. At the beginning and they were mostly concerned with limiting the power of the king) • In France– strong monarchy nobility preferred the support of Louis XIV (estates general would not meet on a regular basis)

  43. C. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement • King James I • Scottish • Advocated the divine rights of kings • Forced levies on his subjects • Impositions were unpopular with parliament • Puritan separatists left England • Founded Plymouth Colony in North America • Another group later founded Massachusetts Bay Colony • Charles I • Forced more unpopular levies and taxes on the English • Stationed troops in private homes • Petition of Right • Required monarch to gain consent of Parliament before levying taxes or quartering soldiers in private homes • 1629 Parliament declared that Charles’ levying of taxes without consent was an act of treason • Grand Remonstrance • Summary of grievances • Charles invaded Parliament in response Parliament raised an army of its own • Civil War (1642- 1646)

  44. C. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement 3. Oliver Cromwell • New Model Army • Won against Charles • Puritan Republic (1649- 1660) • Led as “Lord Protector” • Considered a military dictator

  45. C. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement 4. Charles II • Stuart Restoration– brought England back to the conditions of 1640s • Anglican Church as main religion • Monarch had little responsibility to call Parliament 5. James II • Catholic fear • Appointed Catholics to high positions in the court and in the army 6. William and Mary of Orange • James fled to France William of Orange’s army was more superior • Led the Glorious Revolution • Bill of Rights • Limited the powers of the monarchy • Prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the throne • Guaranteed the role of Parliament in govt.

  46. D. Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France • Louis XIV “Sun King” • Strict Catholic Rule • Suppressed discontent among nobility and landowners • “One king, one law, one faith” • Helped suppress the rise of Jansenists • Revoked the Edict of Nantes– resulted in the immediate closure of Protestant churches and schools, expulsion of Protestant ministers, the forced conversion of the laity • Advisors • Cardinal Mazarin continued Richelieu’s centralization efforts • Jean- Baptiste Colbert controlled general finances, helped Louis XIV consolidate Franc’s wealth and create an economic base for funding war • Mercantilism– aimed to maximize exports and internal stores of bullion • Divine Right • L’etatC’estMoi • Symbols of his power • Versailles • Led a series of foreign wars

  47. E. Central and Eastern Europe • Less economically advanced • Economy more agrarian than maritime • Main Leaders • Charles XII • Sweden came to the throne and led a strong campaign agains the Russians in the Great Northern War (1700- 21) • Ultimately defeated and exhausted military and economic resources • Austrian Habsburgs • Consolidated their political power in Czech Republic, Moravia, Silesia, Hungary, Croatia • In early 18th century they received the former Spanish Netherlands • Faced problems with the Magyar resistance in Hungary • Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg- Prussia • Frederick William (1640- 88) “The Great Elector” • Organized a Royal Bureaucracy

  48. F. Russia Enters the European Political Arena • Ivan the Terrible ended the anarchy known as the Time of Troubles • Romanovs take power • Peter the Great– ascended the Russian throne as co- ruler with his half brother Ivan V. • Strelsy- guards of Moscow • Boyards- nobles

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